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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as Internet/Web services (LLM-as-a-Service) with strict latency Service-Level Objectives (SLOs) under tight GPU memory budgets. Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve quality and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yuning Zhang , Grant Pinkert , Nan Yang , Yanli Li , Dong Yuan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enjoys performance gain by increasing model capacity while keeping computation cost constant. When comparing MoE to dense models, prior work typically adopt the following setting: 1) use FLOPs or activated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Xianzhi Du , Tom Gunter , Xiang Kong , Mark Lee , Zirui Wang , Aonan Zhang , Nan Du , Ruoming Pang

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs face significant obstacles due to their massive parameter scale, which imposes memory, storage, and deployment challenges. Although recent expert merging methods promise greater efficiency by consolidating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Lujun Li , Zhu Qiyuan , Jiacheng Wang , Wei Li , Hao Gu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Masked Autoencoder~(MAE) is a prevailing self-supervised learning method that achieves promising results in model pre-training. However, when the various downstream tasks have data distributions different from the pre-training data, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Zhili Liu , Kai Chen , Jianhua Han , Lanqing Hong , Hang Xu , Zhenguo Li , James T. Kwok

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures achieve parameter efficiency through conditional computation, yet contemporary designs suffer from two fundamental limitations: structural parameter isolation that causes catastrophic forgetting, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yuxing Gan , Ziyu Lei

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models through conditional computation, but inference becomes memory-bound once expert weights exceed the capacity of GPU memory. In this case, weights must be offloaded to external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Zehao Fan , Zhenyu Liu , Yunzhen Liu , Yayue Hou , Hadjer Benmeziane , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Liu Liu

We present a new supervised architecture termed Mediated Mixture-of-Experts (MMoE) that allows us to improve classification accuracy of Deep Convolutional Networks (DCN). Our architecture achieves this with the help of expert networks: A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-20 Sebastian Agethen , Winston H. Hsu

Mixture of Experts (MoE) offers remarkable performance and computational efficiency by selectively activating subsets of model parameters. Traditionally, MoE models use homogeneous experts, each with identical capacity. However, varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 An Wang , Xingwu Sun , Ruobing Xie , Shuaipeng Li , Jiaqi Zhu , Zhen Yang , Pinxue Zhao , J. N. Han , Zhanhui Kang , Di Wang , Naoaki Okazaki , Cheng-zhong Xu

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are an emerging class of sparsely activated deep learning models that have sublinear compute costs with respect to their parameters. In contrast with dense models, the sparse architecture of MoE offers…

Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

Mixtures of Experts (MoEs) have gained prominence in (self-)supervised learning due to their enhanced inference efficiency, adaptability to distributed training, and modularity. Previous research has illustrated that MoEs can significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Timon Willi , Johan Obando-Ceron , Jakob Foerster , Karolina Dziugaite , Pablo Samuel Castro

The sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model is powerful for large-scale pre-training and has achieved promising results due to its model capacity. However, with trillions of parameters, MoE is hard to be deployed on cloud or mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Tianyu Chen , Shaohan Huang , Yuan Xie , Binxing Jiao , Daxin Jiang , Haoyi Zhou , Jianxin Li , Furu Wei

Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) large language models (LLMs) are gradually becoming the mainstream approach for ultra-large-scale models. Existing optimization efforts for MoE models have focused primarily on coarse-grained MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Haoqi Yang , Luohe Shi , Qiwei Li , Zuchao Li , Ping Wang , Bo Du , Mengjia Shen , Hai Zhao

The application of mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining popularity due to its ability to improve model's performance. In an MoE structure, the gate layer plays a significant role in distinguishing and routing input features to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Zhitian Xie , Yinger Zhang , Chenyi Zhuang , Qitao Shi , Zhining Liu , Jinjie Gu , Guannan Zhang

Sparse Upcycling provides an efficient way to initialize a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model from pretrained dense weights instead of training from scratch. However, since all experts start from identical weights and the router is randomly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Sanghyeok Chu , Pyunghwan Ahn , Gwangmo Song , SeungHwan Kim , Honglak Lee , Bohyung Han

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable scalable neural networks through conditional computation, offering enhanced effectiveness and efficiency for next-generation wireless communications. However, deploying MoE with federated learning (FL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Boyang Zhang , Xiaobing Chen , Songyang Zhang , Shuai Zhang , Xiangwei Zhou , Jian Zhang , Mingxuan Sun

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown promising potential for parameter-efficient scaling across domains. However, their application to image classification remains limited, often requiring billion-scale datasets to be competitive. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mathurin Videau , Alessandro Leite , Marc Schoenauer , Olivier Teytaud

The mixture of experts (MoE) model is a sparse variant of large language models (LLMs), designed to hold a better balance between intelligent capability and computational overhead. Despite its benefits, MoE is still too expensive to deploy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Haodong Wang , Qihua Zhou , Zicong Hong , Song Guo

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered unprecedented advancements across diverse fields, ranging from natural language processing to computer vision and beyond. The prowess of LLMs is underpinned by their substantial model size,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Weilin Cai , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Jing Tang , Sunghun Kim , Jiayi Huang

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models enable parameter-efficient scaling through sparse expert activations, yet optimizing their inference and memory costs remains challenging due to limited understanding of their specialization behavior. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Marmik Chaudhari , Idhant Gulati , Nishkal Hundia , Pranav Karra , Shivam Raval