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Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in streamlining hardware design processes by encapsulating vast amounts of domain-specific data. In addition, they allow users to interact with the design processes through natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yongan Zhang , Zhongzhi Yu , Yonggan Fu , Cheng Wan , Yingyan Celine Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation. However, the correctness of code generated by LLMs remains a concern. A potential remedy to this concern is to have LLMs generate formal correctness proofs along with such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Nongyu Di , Tianyu Chen , Shan Lu , Shuai Lu , Yeyun Gong , Peng Cheng , Jacob R. Lorch , Yuan Yao , Xiaoxing Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining popularity for hardware design automation, particularly through Register Transfer Level (RTL) code generation. In this work, we examine the current literature on RTL generation using LLMs and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Paul E. Calzada , Zahin Ibnat , Tanvir Rahman , Kamal Kandula , Danyu Lu , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi , Mark Tehranipoor

With the recent unprecedented advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) computing, progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) is accelerating rapidly, presenting challenges in establishing clear guidelines, particularly in the field of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Nafis Tanveer Islam , Joseph Khoury , Andrew Seong , Elias Bou-Harb , Peyman Najafirad

Assertions have been the de facto collateral for simulation-based and formal verification of hardware designs for over a decade. The quality of hardware verification, i.e., detection and diagnosis of corner-case design bugs, is critically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Vaishnavi Pulavarthi , Deeksha Nandal , Soham Dan , Debjit Pal

Assertion-based verification (ABV) is critical in ensuring that register-transfer level (RTL) designs conform to their functional specifications. SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) effectively specify design properties, but writing and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hongqin Lyu , Yunlin Du , Yonghao Wang , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

In this study, we explore the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate hardware design by generating high-quality Verilog code, a common language for designing and modeling digital systems. We fine-tune pre-existing LLMs on…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Shailja Thakur , Baleegh Ahmad , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Ramesh Karri , Siddharth Garg

Static verification is a powerful method for enhancing software quality, but it demands significant human labor and resources. This is particularly true of static verifiers that reason about heap manipulating programs using an ownership…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Wen Fan , Marilyn Rego , Xin Hu , Sanya Dod , Zhaorui Ni , Danning Xie , Jenna DiVincenzo , Lin Tan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, but many existing benchmarks are approaching saturation and offer little guarantee on the trustworthiness of the generated programs. To improve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xun Deng , Sicheng Zhong , Barış Bayazıt , Andreas Veneris , Fan Long , Xujie Si

The growing complexity of modern system-on-chip (SoC) and IP designs is making security assurance difficult day by day. One of the fundamental steps in the pre-silicon security verification of a hardware design is the identification of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Md Ajoad Hasan , Dipayan Saha , Khan Thamid Hasan , Nashmin Alam , Azim Uddin , Sujan Kumar Saha , Mark Tehranipoor , Farimah Farahmandi

SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) are crucial for hardware verification. Recent studies leverage general-purpose LLMs to translate natural language properties to SVAs (NL2SVA), but they perform poorly due to limited data. We propose a data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yutong Wu , Chenrui Cao , Pengwei Jin , Di Huang , Rui Zhang , Xishan Zhang , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Xing Hu

Hardware design verification (DV) is a process that checks the functional equivalence of a hardware design against its specifications, improving hardware reliability and robustness. A key task in the DV process is the test stimuli…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Zixi Zhang , Balint Szekely , Pedro Gimenes , Greg Chadwick , Hugo McNally , Jianyi Cheng , Robert Mullins , Yiren Zhao

Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) is a crucial method for ensuring that logic designs conform to their architectural specifications. However, existing assertion generation methods primarily rely on information either from the design…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yonghao Wang , Jiaxin Zhou , Hongqin Lyu , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

The ever-growing popularity of large language models (LLMs) has resulted in their increasing adoption for hardware design and verification. Prior research has attempted to assess the capability of LLMs to automate digital hardware design by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Sneha Swaroopa , Rijoy Mukherjee , Anushka Debnath , Rajat Subhra Chakraborty

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, achieving exceptional results on various established benchmarking frameworks. However, concerns about data contamination - where benchmark data inadvertently leaks into…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zeng Wang , Minghao Shao , Jitendra Bhandari , Likhitha Mankali , Ramesh Karri , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Muhammad Shafique , Johann Knechtel

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks, yet their application in hardware security verification remains limited due to scarcity of publicly available hardware description…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Touseef Hasan , Blessing Airehenbuwa , Nitin Pundir , Souvika Sarkar , Ujjwal Guin

The current landscape of system-on-chips (SoCs) security verification faces challenges due to manual, labor-intensive, and inflexible methodologies. These issues limit the scalability and effectiveness of security protocols, making bug…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shams Tarek , Dipayan Saha , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities to generate code, however their ability to develop software for embedded systems, which requires cross-domain knowledge of hardware and software has not been studied. In this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Zachary Englhardt , Richard Li , Dilini Nissanka , Zhihan Zhang , Girish Narayanswamy , Joseph Breda , Xin Liu , Shwetak Patel , Vikram Iyer

As the ubiquity and complexity of system-on-chip (SoC) designs increase across electronic devices, the task of incorporating security into an SoC design flow poses significant challenges. Existing security solutions are inadequate to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Dipayan Saha , Shams Tarek , Katayoon Yahyaei , Sujan Kumar Saha , Jingbo Zhou , Mark Tehranipoor , Farimah Farahmandi

Ensuring the security of modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs poses significant challenges due to increasing complexity and distributed assets across the intellectual property (IP) blocks. Formal property verification (FPV) provides the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Dinesh Reddy Ankireddy , Sudipta Paria , Aritra Dasgupta , Sandip Ray , Swarup Bhunia