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Despite significant advancements, large language models (LLMs) still struggle with providing accurate answers when lacking domain-specific or up-to-date knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this limitation by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yuefeng Peng , Junda Wang , Hong Yu , Amir Houmansadr

The open-endedness of large language models (LLMs) combined with their impressive capabilities may lead to new safety issues when being exploited for malicious use. While recent studies primarily focus on probing toxic outputs that can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jiaxin Wen , Pei Ke , Hao Sun , Zhexin Zhang , Chengfei Li , Jinfeng Bai , Minlie Huang

Deep Research (DR) agents built on Large Language Models (LLMs) can perform complex, multi-step research by decomposing tasks, retrieving online information, and synthesizing detailed reports. However, the misuse of LLMs with such powerful…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Shuo Chen , Zonggen Li , Zhen Han , Bailan He , Tong Liu , Haokun Chen , Georg Groh , Philip Torr , Volker Tresp , Jindong Gu

Safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) is primarily evaluated under open-ended generation, where models can mitigate risk by refusing to respond. In contrast, many real-world applications place LLMs in structured decision-making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuheng Chen , Zhiyu Wu , Bowen Cheng , Tetsuro Takahashi

Applications of generative Large Language Models LLMs are rapidly expanding across various domains, promising significant improvements in workflow efficiency and information retrieval. However, their implementation in specialized,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Chad Melton , Alex Sorokine , Steve Peterson

Instruction-following capabilities in LLMs have progressed significantly, enabling more complex user interactions through detailed prompts. However, retrieval systems have not matched these advances, most of them still relies on traditional…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jianqun Zhou , Yuanlei Zheng , Wei Chen , Qianqian Zheng , Hui Su , Wei Zhang , Rui Meng , Xiaoyu Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as code assistants, yet their behavior when explicitly asked to generate insecure code remains poorly understood. While prior research has focused on unintended vulnerabilities, this study…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Emir Bosnak , Sahand Moslemi , Mayasah Lami , Anil Koyuncu

We introduce iterative retrieval, a novel framework that empowers retrievers to make iterative decisions through policy optimization. Finding an optimal portfolio of retrieved items is a combinatorial optimization problem, generally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yunmo Chen , Tongfei Chen , Harsh Jhamtani , Patrick Xia , Richard Shin , Jason Eisner , Benjamin Van Durme

Large language model retrievers improve performance on complex queries, but their practical value depends on efficiency, robustness, and reliable confidence signals in addition to accuracy. We reproduce a reasoning-intensive retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Abdelrahman Abdallah , Jamie Holdcroft , Mohammed Ali , Adam Jatowt

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong promise as rerankers, especially in ``listwise'' settings where an LLM is prompted to rerank several search results at once. However, this ``cascading'' retrieve-and-rerank approach is limited…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Mandeep Rathee , Sean MacAvaney , Avishek Anand

Evidence-enhanced detectors present remarkable abilities in identifying malicious social text. However, the rise of large language models (LLMs) brings potential risks of evidence pollution to confuse detectors. This paper explores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Herun Wan , Minnan Luo , Zhixiong Su , Guang Dai , Xiang Zhao

Activation steering is a promising technique for controlling LLM behavior by adding semantically meaningful vectors directly into a model's hidden states during inference. It is often framed as a precise, interpretable, and potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Anton Korznikov , Andrey Galichin , Alexey Dontsov , Oleg Y. Rogov , Ivan Oseledets , Elena Tutubalina

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating coherent text but remain limited by the static nature of their training data. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this issue by combining LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Cody Clop , Yannick Teglia

Open-weight language models can be rendered unsafe through several distinct interventions, but the resulting models may differ substantially in capabilities, behavioral profile, and internal failure mode. We study behavioral and mechanistic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Md Rysul Kabir , Zoran Tiganj

Safety risks of AI models have been widely studied at deployment time, such as jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful outputs. In contrast, safety risks emerging during training remain largely unexplored. Beyond explicit reward hacking that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhexin Zhang , Yida Lu , Junfeng Fang , Junxiao Yang , Shiyao Cui , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang , Tat-Seng Chua

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used in various applications, making it crucial to align their ethical standards with human values. However, recent jail-breaking methods demonstrate that this alignment can be undermined using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Zhuo Zhang , Guangyu Shen , Guanhong Tao , Siyuan Cheng , Xiangyu Zhang

Extensive work has been devoted to improving the safety mechanism of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, LLMs still tend to generate harmful responses when faced with malicious instructions, a phenomenon referred to as "Jailbreak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yanrui Du , Sendong Zhao , Ming Ma , Yuhan Chen , Bing Qin

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow user instructions is central to their reliability, safety, and usefulness. While prior studies assess instruction adherence in the model's main responses, we argue that it is also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yongchan Kwon , Shang Zhu , Federico Bianchi , Kaitlyn Zhou , James Zou

Despite the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, which can compromise their safety mechanisms. Existing studies often rely on brute-force optimization or manual design, failing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Haoming Yang , Ke Ma , Xiaojun Jia , Yingfei Sun , Qianqian Xu , Qingming Huang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate LLM hallucinations and enhance their performance in knowledge-intensive domains. However, these systems are vulnerable to adversarial poisoning…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jinyan Su , Jin Peng Zhou , Zhengxin Zhang , Preslav Nakov , Claire Cardie