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We calibrate parameters of neural networks that model forces in interaction dynamics with the help of the Consensus-based global optimization method (CBO). We state the general framework of interaction particle systems driven by neural…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-13 Simone Göttlich , Claudia Totzeck

Efficient methods for non-convex black-box optimization largely rely on sampling. In this context, the Zeroth-Order Proximal Operator (ZOPO) and the corresponding Zeroth-Order Proximal Point Algorithm (ZOPPA) have attracted significant…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Emanuele Naldi , Hippolyte Labarrière , Cesare Molinari , Silvia Villa

Objective functions in large-scale machine-learning and artificial intelligence applications often live in high dimensions with strong non-convexity and massive local minima. First-order methods, such as the stochastic gradient method and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-10 Jingrun Chen , Shi Jin , Liyao Lyu

We analyze the consensus based optimization method proposed by Pinnau et al.(2017) in one dimension. We rigorously provide a quantitative error estimate between the consensus point and global minimizer of a given objective function. Our…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-13 Young-Pil Choi , Dowan Koo

We introduce a modified Consensus-Based Optimization model that admits a fully unified and rigorous analysis of its finite-particle dynamics, the associated McKean--Vlasov equation, and their optimization behavior under a single set of…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Young-Pil Choi , Seungchan Lee , Sihyun Song

We propose a new gradient descent algorithm with added stochastic terms for finding the global optimizers of nonconvex optimization problems. A key component in the algorithm is the adaptive tuning of the randomness based on the value of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-16 Björn Engquist , Kui Ren , Yunan Yang

This paper introduces an interacting-particle optimization method tailored to possibly non-convex composite optimization problems, which arise widely in signal processing. The proposed method, \emph{ProxiCBO}, integrates consensus-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-20 Haoyu Zhang , Yanting Ma , Ruangrawee Kitichotkul , Joshua Rapp , Petros Boufounos

Bayesian optimization (BO) based on Gaussian process models is a powerful paradigm to optimize black-box functions that are expensive to evaluate. While several BO algorithms provably converge to the global optimum of the unknown function,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-03 Felix Berkenkamp , Angela P. Schoellig , Andreas Krause

Contextual Bayesian optimization (CBO) is a powerful framework for sequential decision-making given side information, with important applications, e.g., in wind energy systems. In this setting, the learner receives context (e.g., weather…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-18 Shyam Sundhar Ramesh , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Andreas Krause , Ilija Bogunovic

Sampling-based optimization (SBO), like cross-entropy method and evolutionary algorithms, has achieved many successes in solving non-convex problems without gradients, yet its convergence is poorly understood. In this paper, we establish a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zeji Yi , Chaoyi Pan , Guanya Shi , Guannan Qu

In this paper, we provide a novel analytical perspective on the theoretical understanding of gradient-based learning algorithms by interpreting consensus-based optimization (CBO), a recently proposed multi-particle derivative-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Konstantin Riedl , Timo Klock , Carina Geldhauser , Massimo Fornasier

In this paper we provide a rigorous convergence analysis for the renowned particle swarm optimization method by using tools from stochastic calculus and the analysis of partial differential equations. Based on a time-continuous formulation…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-08-05 Hui Huang , Jinniao Qiu , Konstantin Riedl

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a meta-heuristic for continuous black-box optimization problems. In this paper we focus on the convergence of the particle swarm, i.e., the exploitation phase of the algorithm. We introduce a new…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-09 Bernd Bassimir , Alexander Raß , Rolf Wanka

Proximal policy optimization (PPO) approximates the trust region update using multiple epochs of clipped SGD. Each epoch may drift further from the natural gradient direction, creating path-dependent noise. To understand this drift, we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zelal Su , Mustafaoglu , Sungyoung Lee , Eshan Balachandar , Risto Miikkulainen , Keshav Pingali

In this work we begin to rigorously analyze the MBO scheme for data clustering in the large data limit. Each iteration of the MBO scheme corresponds to one step of implicit gradient descent for the thresholding energy on the similarity…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-08-11 Tim Laux , Jona Lelmi

Bayesian optimization (BO) for high-dimensional constrained problems remains a significant challenge due to the curse of dimensionality. We propose Local Constrained Bayesian Optimization (LCBO), a novel framework tailored for such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-10 Jing Jingzhe , Fan Zheyi , Szu Hui Ng , Qingpei Hu

We investigate the implementation of a new stochastic Kuramoto-Vicsek-type model for global optimization of nonconvex functions on the sphere. This model belongs to the class of Consensus-Based Optimization. In fact, particles move on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Massimo Fornasier , Hui Huang , Lorenzo Pareschi , Philippe Sünnen

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a sequential approach for optimizing black-box objective functions using zeroth-order noisy observations. In BO, Gaussian processes (GPs) are employed as probabilistic surrogate models to estimate the objective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Dongwon Kim , Matteo Zecchin , Sangwoo Park , Joonhyuk Kang , Osvaldo Simeone

In Causal Bayesian Optimization (CBO), an agent intervenes on an unknown structural causal model to maximize a downstream reward variable. In this paper, we consider the generalization where other agents or external events also intervene on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Scott Sussex , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Anastasiia Makarova , Andreas Krause

Optimizing objectives under constraints, where both the objectives and constraints are black box functions, is a common scenario in real-world applications such as scientific experimental design, design of medical therapies, and industrial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Fengxue Zhang , Zejie Zhu , Yuxin Chen