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In a neural network with ReLU activations, the number of piecewise linear regions in the output can grow exponentially with depth. However, this is highly unlikely to happen when the initial parameters are sampled randomly, which therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Max Milkert , David Hyde , Forrest Laine

Understanding the learning dynamics and inductive bias of neural networks (NNs) is hindered by the opacity of the relationship between NN parameters and the function represented. We propose reparametrizing ReLU NNs as continuous piecewise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Justin Sahs , Ryan Pyle , Aneel Damaraju , Josue Ortega Caro , Onur Tavaslioglu , Andy Lu , Ankit Patel

The large capacity of neural networks enables them to learn complex functions. To avoid overfitting, networks however require a lot of training data that can be expensive and time-consuming to collect. A common practical approach to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Majed El Helou , Frederike Dümbgen , Sabine Süsstrunk

Neural networks are very successful tools in for example advanced classification. From a statistical point of view, fitting a neural network may be seen as a kind of regression, where we seek a function from the input space to a space of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-06 Anton Johansson , Niklas Engsner , Claes Strannegård , Petter Mostad

Deep networks are gradually penetrating almost every domain in our lives due to their amazing success. However, with substantive performance accuracy improvements comes the price of \emph{irreproducibility}. Two identical models, trained on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Gil I. Shamir , Dong Lin , Lorenzo Coviello

To optimize a neural network one often thinks of optimizing its parameters, but it is ultimately a matter of optimizing the function that maps inputs to outputs. Since a change in the parameters might serve as a poor proxy for the change in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Ari S. Benjamin , David Rolnick , Konrad Kording

The success of deep networks has been attributed in part to their expressivity: per parameter, deep networks can approximate a richer class of functions than shallow networks. In ReLU networks, the number of activation patterns is one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-22 Boris Hanin , David Rolnick

We discuss the expressive power of neural networks which use the non-smooth ReLU activation function $\varrho(x) = \max\{0,x\}$ by analyzing the approximation theoretic properties of such networks. The existing results mainly fall into two…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-04-10 Felix Voigtlaender , Philipp Petersen

We consider the well-studied problem of learning a linear combination of $k$ ReLU activations with respect to a Gaussian distribution on inputs in $d$ dimensions. We give the first polynomial-time algorithm that succeeds whenever $k$ is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Sitan Chen , Zehao Dou , Surbhi Goel , Adam R Klivans , Raghu Meka

The information processing abilities of a multilayer neural network with a number of hidden units scaling as the input dimension are studied using statistical mechanics methods. The mapping from the input layer to the hidden units is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 Michal Rosen-Zvi , Andreas Engel , Ido Kanter

Deep neural networks, particularly those employing Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), are often perceived as complex, high-dimensional, non-linear systems. This complexity poses a significant challenge to understanding their internal learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Longqing Ye

In neural networks, the loss function represents the core of the learning process that leads the optimizer to an approximation of the optimal convergence error. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) use the loss function as a supervisory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Riccardo La Grassa , Ignazio Gallo , Nicola Landro

Recently, self-normalizing neural networks (SNNs) have been proposed with the intention to avoid batch or weight normalization. The key step in SNNs is to properly scale the exponential linear unit (referred to as SELU) to inherently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-30 G. Zhang , H. Li

This paper studies the role of activation functions in learning modular addition with two-layer neural networks. We first establish a sharp expressivity gap: sine MLPs admit width-$2$ exact realizations for any fixed length $m$ and, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Tianlong Huang , Zhiyuan Li

Rectified linear unit (ReLU) is a widely used activation function for deep convolutional neural networks. However, because of the zero-hard rectification, ReLU networks miss the benefits from negative values. In this paper, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Suo Qiu , Xiangmin Xu , Bolun Cai

Recognizing symmetries in data allows for significant boosts in neural network training. In many cases, however, the underlying symmetry is present only in an idealized dataset, and is broken in the training data, due to effects such as…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-11-13 Edmund Witkowski , Daniel Whiteson

Bounding volumes are an established concept in computer graphics and vision tasks but have seen little change since their early inception. In this work, we study the use of neural networks as bounding volumes. Our key observation is that…

Graphics · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Stephanie Wenxin Liu , Michael Fischer , Paul D. Yoo , Tobias Ritschel

Each year, deep learning demonstrates new and improved empirical results with deeper and wider neural networks. Meanwhile, with existing theoretical frameworks, it is difficult to analyze networks deeper than two layers without resorting to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Hong Jun Jeon , Yifan Zhu , Benjamin Van Roy

Smooth activation functions are ubiquitous in modern deep learning, yet their theoretical advantages over non-smooth counterparts remain poorly understood. In this work, we study both approximation and statistical properties of neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-03 Yuhao Liu , Zilin Wang , Lei Wu , Shaobo Zhang

The emergence of large scaled sensor networks facilitates the collection of large amounts of real-time data to monitor and control complex engineering systems. However, in many cases the collected data may be incomplete or inconsistent,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-11-01 Huanhuan Chen , Peter Tino , Xin Yao , Ali Rodan