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Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have emerged as the de facto architecture for scaling up language models without significantly increasing the computational cost. Recent MoE models demonstrate a clear trend towards high expert granularity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Wentao Guo , Mayank Mishra , Xinle Cheng , Ion Stoica , Tri Dao

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures enable efficient scaling of large language models by activating only a subset of parameters per input. However, existing MoE models suffer from two critical limitations: (1) inefficient token-to-expert…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jing Li , Zhijie Sun , Dachao Lin , Xuan He , Binfan Zheng , Yi Lin , Rongqian Zhao , Xin Chen

The sparsely gated mixture of experts (MoE) architecture sends different inputs to different subnetworks, i.e., experts, through trainable routers. MoE reduces the training computation significantly for large models, but its deployment can…

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs, characterized by their sparse activation patterns, offer a promising approach to scaling language models while avoiding proportionally increasing the inference cost. However, their large parameter sizes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yichao Yuan , Lin Ma , Nishil Talati

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs have recently gained attention for their ability to enhance performance by selectively engaging specialized subnetworks or "experts" for each input. However, deploying MoEs on memory-constrained devices remains…

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture improves computational efficiency via sparse expert activation, but throughput-oriented inference faces substantial GPU memory pressure due to a significant parameter size and intermediate data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Muyoung Son , Yi Chen , Seungjae Yoo , Soongyu Choi , Joo-Young Kim

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can scale parameter capacity by routing each token to a subset of experts through a learned gate function. While conditional routing reduces training costs, it shifts the burden on inference memory: expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Rana Shahout , Colin Cai , Yilun Du , Minlan Yu , Michael Mitzenmacher

We propose Tensor-Trained Low-Rank Adaptation Mixture of Experts (TT-LoRA MoE), a novel computational framework integrating Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) with sparse MoE routing to address scalability challenges in large model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Pradip Kunwar , Minh N. Vu , Maanak Gupta , Mahmoud Abdelsalam , Manish Bhattarai

With the advancement of serverless computing, running machine learning (ML) inference services over a serverless platform has been advocated, given its labor-free scalability and cost effectiveness. Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Mengfan Liu , Wei Wang , Chuan Wu

Sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts (MoE) has been widely adopted to scale deep learning models to trillion-plus parameters with fixed computational cost. The algorithmic performance of MoE relies on its token routing mechanism that forwards…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Changho Hwang , Wei Cui , Yifan Xiong , Ziyue Yang , Ze Liu , Han Hu , Zilong Wang , Rafael Salas , Jithin Jose , Prabhat Ram , Joe Chau , Peng Cheng , Fan Yang , Mao Yang , Yongqiang Xiong

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a practical approach to scale up parameters for the Transformer model to achieve better generalization while maintaining a sub-linear increase in computation overhead. Current MoE models are mainly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Shuqing Luo , Jie Peng , Pingzhi Li , Hanrui Wang , Tianlong Chen

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture is crucial for scaling large language models, but its scalability is severely limited by inter-GPU communication bottlenecks in multi-GPU systems. Although overlapping communication with computation…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zhuoshan Zhou , Chen Zhang , Shuyi Zhang , Qijun Zhang , Haibo Wang , Zhe Zhou , Zhipeng Tu , Guangyu Sun , Yijia Diao , Zhigang Ji , Jingwen Leng , Guanghui He , Minyi Guo

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale up, mixture-of-experts (MoE) has become a common technology in SOTA models. MoE models rely on expert parallelism (EP) to alleviate memory bottleneck, which introduces all-to-all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Xinru Tang , Jingxiang Hou , Dingcheng Jiang , Taiquan Wei , Jiaxin Liu , Jinyi Deng , Huizheng Wang , Qize Yang , Haoran Shang , Chao Li , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

With the widespread application of Mixture of Experts (MoE) reasoning models in the field of LLM learning, efficiently serving MoE models under limited GPU memory constraints has emerged as a significant challenge. Offloading the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Songkai Ma , Zhaorui Zhang , Sheng Di , Benben Liu , Xiaodong Yu , Xiaoyi Lu , Dan Wang

This paper presents MoE-Infinity, an efficient MoE inference system designed for personal machines with limited GPU memory capacity. The key idea for MoE-Infinity is that on personal machines, which are often single-user environments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Leyang Xue , Yao Fu , Zhan Lu , Luo Mai , Mahesh Marina

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models promise efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of experts per token, but their parallelized inference pipelines make elastic serving challenging. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Gursimran Singh , Timothy Yu , Haley Li , Cheng Chen , Hanieh Sadri , Qintao Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results across various tasks, yet their high computational demands pose deployment challenges, especially on consumer-grade hardware. Mixture of Experts (MoE) models provide an efficient…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 En-Ming Huang , Li-Shang Lin , Chun-Yi Lee

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown strong potential in scaling language models efficiently by activating only a small subset of experts per input. However, their widespread deployment remains limited due to the high memory overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yushu Zhao , Zheng Wang , Minjia Zhang

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), many deep learning practitioners are looking for strategies of running these models more efficiently. One such strategy is to use sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) - a type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Artyom Eliseev , Denis Mazur

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a dominant paradigm for scaling large language models, but their rapidly growing parameter sizes introduce a fundamental inefficiency during inference: most expert weights remain idle in GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Qingxiu Liu , Cyril Y. He , Hanser Jiang , Zion Wang , Alan Zhao , Patrick P. C. Lee