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In this review, we examine the problem of designing interpretable and explainable machine learning models. Interpretability and explainability lie at the core of many machine learning and statistical applications in medicine, economics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Ričards Marcinkevičs , Julia E. Vogt

Deep Learning methods are renowned for their performances, yet their lack of interpretability prevents them from high-stakes contexts. Recent model agnostic methods address this problem by providing post-hoc interpretability methods by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Marco Repetto

To build intelligent machine learning systems, there are two broad approaches. One approach is to build inherently interpretable models, as endeavored by the growing field of causal representation learning. The other approach is to build…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Goutham Rajendran , Simon Buchholz , Bryon Aragam , Bernhard Schölkopf , Pradeep Ravikumar

Reinforcement learning (RL) systems can be complex and non-interpretable, making it challenging for non-AI experts to understand or intervene in their decisions. This is due in part to the sequential nature of RL in which actions are chosen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Amal Alabdulkarim , Madhuri Singh , Gennie Mansi , Kaely Hall , Upol Ehsan , Mark O. Riedl

Deep neural networks have been well-known for their superb handling of various machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks. However, due to their over-parameterized black-box nature, it is often difficult to understand the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Xuhong Li , Haoyi Xiong , Xingjian Li , Xuanyu Wu , Xiao Zhang , Ji Liu , Jiang Bian , Dejing Dou

The lack of interpretability and transparency are preventing economists from using advanced tools like neural networks in their empirical research. In this paper, we propose a class of interpretable neural network models that can achieve…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-12-01 Yucheng Yang , Zhong Zheng , Weinan E

Information systems experience an ever-growing volume of unstructured data, particularly in the form of textual materials. This represents a rich source of information from which one can create value for people, organizations and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-04-19 Nicolas Pröllochs , Stefan Feuerriegel , Dirk Neumann

Interpretability research often adopts a neuron-centric lens, treating individual neurons as the fundamental units of explanation. However, neuron-level explanations can be undermined by superposition, where single units respond to mixtures…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Julien Colin , Lore Goetschalckx , Thomas Fel , Victor Boutin , Thomas Serre , Nuria Oliver

Teachers intentionally pick the most informative examples to show their students. However, if the teacher and student are neural networks, the examples that the teacher network learns to give, although effective at teaching the student, are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-15 Smitha Milli , Pieter Abbeel , Igor Mordatch

As machine learning systems become ubiquitous, there has been a surge of interest in interpretable machine learning: systems that provide explanation for their outputs. These explanations are often used to qualitatively assess other…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-03-06 Finale Doshi-Velez , Been Kim

Efficient and robust policy transfer remains a key challenge for reinforcement learning to become viable for real-wold robotics. Policy transfer through warm initialization, imitation, or interacting over a large set of agents with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Girish Joshi , Girish Chowdhary

For optimization models to be used in practice, it is crucial that users trust the results. A key factor in this aspect is the interpretability of the solution process. A previous framework for inherently interpretable optimization models…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Marc Goerigk , Michael Hartisch , Sebastian Merten , Kartikey Sharma

Machine-learning models are ubiquitous. In some domains, for instance, in medicine, the models' predictions must be interpretable. Decision trees, classification rules, and subgroup discovery are three broad categories of supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Vadim Arzamasov , Benjamin Jochum , Klemens Böhm

Fairness and interpretability play an important role in the adoption of decision-making algorithms across many application domains. These requirements are intended to avoid undesirable group differences and to alleviate concerns related to…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-16 Nora Bearth , Michael Lechner , Jana Mareckova , Fabian Muny

Interpretability and explainability have gained more and more attention in the field of machine learning as they are crucial when it comes to high-stakes decisions and troubleshooting. Since both provide information about predictors and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Benjamin Leblanc , Pascal Germain

Interpretability is the study of explaining models in understandable terms to humans. At present, interpretability is divided into two paradigms: the intrinsic paradigm, which believes that only models designed to be explained can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Andreas Madsen , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Siva Reddy , Sarath Chandar

We often desire our models to be interpretable as well as accurate. Prior work on optimizing models for interpretability has relied on easy-to-quantify proxies for interpretability, such as sparsity or the number of operations required. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-01 Isaac Lage , Andrew Slavin Ross , Been Kim , Samuel J. Gershman , Finale Doshi-Velez

Recent progress in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) can be largely attributed to the use of neural networks. However, this black-box approach fails to explain the learned policy in a human understandable way. To address this challenge and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Zhihao Ma , Yuzheng Zhuang , Paul Weng , Hankz Hankui Zhuo , Dong Li , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao

Recent years have seen a boom in interest in machine learning systems that can provide a human-understandable rationale for their predictions or decisions. However, exactly what kinds of explanation are truly human-interpretable remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Isaac Lage , Emily Chen , Jeffrey He , Menaka Narayanan , Been Kim , Sam Gershman , Finale Doshi-Velez

Transparency, user trust, and human comprehension are popular ethical motivations for interpretable machine learning. In support of these goals, researchers evaluate model explanation performance using humans and real world applications.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Bernease Herman