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We prove a "decomposition lemma" that allows us to count preimages of certain sets of permutations under West's stack-sorting map $s$. As a first application, we give a new proof of Zeilberger's formula for the number of 2-stack-sortable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-09 Colin Defant

We consider the following general model of a sorting procedure: we fix a hereditary permutation class $\mathcal{C}$, which corresponds to the operations that the procedure is allowed to perform in a single step. The input of sorting is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Vít Jelínek , Michal Opler , Jakub Pekárek

We consider a sorting machine consisting of two stacks in series where the first stack has the added restriction that entries in the stack must be in decreasing order from top to bottom. The class of permutations sortable by this machine…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Michael W. Schroeder , Rebecca Smith

Inspired by a common technique for shuffling a deck of cards on a table without riffling, we continue the study of a prequel paper on the pile shuffle and its capabilities as a sorting device. We study two sort feasibility problems of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Kyle B. Treleaven

We investigate how sorting algorithms efficiently overcome the exponential size of the permutation space. Our main contribution is a new continuous-time formulation of sorting as a gradient flow on the permutohedron, yielding an independent…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jonathan Landers

We prove that any class of permutations defined by avoiding a partially ordered pattern (POP) with height at most two has a regular insertion encoding and thus has a rational generating function. Then, we use Combinatorial Exploration to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-14 Christian Bean , Émile Nadeau , Jay Pantone , Henning Ulfarsson

We explore the fundamental problem of sorting through the lens of learning-augmented algorithms, where algorithms can leverage possibly erroneous predictions to improve their efficiency. We consider two different settings: In the first…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Xingjian Bai , Christian Coester

Learning distributions over permutations is a fundamental problem in machine learning, with applications in ranking, combinatorial optimization, structured prediction, and data association. Existing methods rely on mixtures of parametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Daniel Severo , Brian Karrer , Niklas Nolte

We present a deterministic comparison-based algorithm that sorts sequences avoiding a fixed permutation $\pi$ in linear time, even if $\pi$ is a priori unkown. Moreover, the dependence of the multiplicative constant on the pattern $\pi$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Michal Opler

We study preimages of permutations under the bubblesort operator $\mathbf{B}$. We achieve a description of these preimages much more complete than what is known for the more complicated sorting operators $\mathbf{S}$ (stacksort) and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-28 Mathilde Bouvel , Lapo Cioni , Luca Ferrari

We survey permutation-based methods for approximate k-nearest neighbor search. In these methods, every data point is represented by a ranked list of pivots sorted by the distance to this point. Such ranked lists are called permutations. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-01 Bilegsaikhan Naidan , Leonid Boytsov , Eric Nyberg

In the 60's, Knuth introduced stack-sorting and serial compositions of stacks. In particular, one significant question arise out of the work of Knuth: how to decide efficiently if a given permutation is sortable with 2 stacks in series?…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-03-20 Adeline Pierrot , Dominique Rossin

Partially ordered patterns (POPs) generalize the notion of classical patterns studied in the literature in the context of permutations, words, compositions and partitions. In this paper, we give a number of general, and specific enumerative…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-20 Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin

This article presents a methodology that automatically derives a combinatorial specification for a permutation class C, given its basis B of excluded patterns and the set of simple permutations in C, when these sets are both finite. This is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-11-01 Frédérique Bassino , Mathilde Bouvel , Adeline Pierrot , Carine Pivoteau , Dominique Rossin

Partially ordered patterns (POPs) play an important role in the study of permutation patterns, providing a convenient framework for describing large families of classical patterns. The problem of enumerating permutations that avoid POPs has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Shiqi Cao , Huihua Gao , Sergey Kitaev , Yitian Li

Many matching, tracking, sorting, and ranking problems require probabilistic reasoning about possible permutations, a set that grows factorially with dimension. Combinatorial optimization algorithms may enable efficient point estimation,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-27 Scott W. Linderman , Gonzalo E. Mena , Hal Cooper , Liam Paninski , John P. Cunningham

We exhibit a bijection between recently-introduced combinatorial objects known as valid hook configurations and certain weighted set partitions. When restricting our attention to set partitions that are matchings, we obtain three new…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-02 Colin Defant , Michael Engen , Jordan A. Miller

In this paper I present a conjecture for a recursive algorithm that finds each permutation of combining two sets of objects (AKA the Shuffle Product). This algorithm provides an efficient way to navigate this problem, as each atomic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-01-08 Diego Fernando C. Carrión L

We explore various techniques to compress a permutation $\pi$ over n integers, taking advantage of ordered subsequences in $\pi$, while supporting its application $\pi$(i) and the application of its inverse $\pi^{-1}(i)$ in small time. Our…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-02-09 Jérémy Barbay , Gonzalo Navarro

We give three applications of a recently-proven "Decomposition Lemma," which allows one to count preimages of certain sets of permutations under West's stack-sorting map $s$. We first enumerate the permutation class…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Colin Defant