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Understanding code represents a core ability needed for automating software development tasks. While foundation models like LLMs show impressive results across many software engineering challenges, the extent of their true semantic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Serge Lionel Nikiema , Jordan Samhi , Abdoul Kader Kaboré , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Code completion is a prominent application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software engineering. Due to the near real-time response requirements of this task, base models with small to medium-sized parameters are typically employed,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Dongjun Yu , Xiao Yan , Zhenrui Li , Jipeng Xiao , Haochuan He , Yongda Yu , Hao Zhang , Guoping Rong , Xiaobo Huang

The recent advancements of Small Language Models (SLMs) have opened new possibilities for efficient code generation. SLMs offer lightweight and cost-effective alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), making them attractive for use in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Mahade Hasan , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Juha Ala-Rantala , Pekka Abrahamsson

Pre-trained language models for code (PLMCs) have gained attention in recent research. These models are pre-trained on large-scale datasets using multi-modal objectives. However, fine-tuning them requires extensive supervision and is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Hung Quoc To , Nghi D. Q. Bui , Jin Guo , Tien N. Nguyen

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the field of automated code generation. LLMs rely on large and diverse datasets to learn syntax, semantics, and usage patterns of programming languages. For low-resource…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Alessandro Giagnorio , Alberto Martin-Lopez , Gabriele Bavota

Code review is a well-established and valued practice in the software engineering community contributing to both code quality and interpersonal benefits. However, there are challenges in both tools and processes that give rise to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Lo Gullstrand Heander , Emma Söderberg , Christofer Rydenfält

Recently, there has been increasing activity in using deep learning for software engineering, including tasks like code generation and summarization. In particular, the most recent coding Large Language Models seem to perform well on these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Balázs Szalontai , Gergő Szalay , Tamás Márton , Anna Sike , Balázs Pintér , Tibor Gregorics

Code analysis is fundamental in Software Engineering, supporting debugging, optimization, and security assessment. Human developers approach it through syntax parsing, static semantics inference, and dynamic reasoning. Traditional tools are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Wei Ma , Zhihao Lin , Shangqing Liu , Qiang Hu , Ye Liu , Wenhan Wang , Cen Zhang , Liming Nie , Li Li , Yang Liu , Lingxiao Jiang

Generative machine learning models have recently been applied to source code, for use cases including translating code between programming languages, creating documentation from code, and auto-completing methods. Yet, state-of-the-art…

A compiler processes the code written in a high level language and produces machine executable code. The compiler writers often face the challenge of keeping the compilation times reasonable. That is because aggressive optimization passes…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Sanket Tavarageri

Tokenization is a fundamental component of language models for code. It involves breaking down the input into units that are later passed to the language model stack to learn high-dimensional representations used in various contexts, from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Mootez Saad , Hao Li , Tushar Sharma , Ahmed E. Hassan

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in code generation, but their generated code often suffers from inefficiency, resulting in longer execution times and higher memory consumption. To address this issue, we propose…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Dong Huang , Jianbo Dai , Han Weng , Puzhen Wu , Yuhao Qing , Heming Cui , Zhijiang Guo , Jie M. Zhang

When tasked with supporting multiple languages for a given problem, two approaches have arisen: training a model for each language with the annotation budget divided equally among them, and training on a high-resource language followed by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Joel Ruben Antony Moniz , Barun Patra , Matthew R. Gormley

Producing code of good quality is an essential skill in software development. Code quality is an aspect of software quality that concerns the directly observable properties of code, such as decomposition, modularization, and code flow. Code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Eduardo Carneiro Oliveira , Hieke Keuning , Johan Jeuring

Code completion aims to help improve developers' productivity by suggesting the next code tokens from a given context. Various approaches have been proposed to incorporate abstract syntax tree (AST) information for model training, ensuring…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Wannita Takerngsaksiri , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Yuan-Fang Li

Code coverage is a widely used metric for quantifying the extent to which program elements, such as statements or branches, are executed during testing. Calculating code coverage is resource-intensive, requiring code building and execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Michele Tufano , Shubham Chandel , Anisha Agarwal , Neel Sundaresan , Colin Clement

Code completion has become a common practice for programmers during their daily programming activities. It aims at automatically predicting the next tokens or lines that the programmers tend to use. A good code completion tool can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Chaozheng Wang , Junhao Hu , Cuiyun Gao , Yu Jin , Tao Xie , Hailiang Huang , Zhenyu Lei , Yuetang Deng

Text classification is a significant branch of natural language processing, and has many applications including document classification and sentiment analysis. Unsurprisingly, those who do text classification are concerned with the run-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Wilson Fearn , Orion Weller , Kevin Seppi

One goal of applied operations research is to improve decisions in practice. This requires modelers and stakeholders to have a shared understanding of the system and for the developed model to reflect the system's core dynamics. There are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Tyler C. O'Brien , Emily L. Tucker , Steven Foster , Sudeep Hegde

Predictive coding, once used in only a small fraction of legal and business matters, is now widely deployed to quickly cull through increasingly vast amounts of data and reduce the need for costly and inefficient human document review.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Rishi Chhatwal , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Robert Keeling , Jianping Zhang , Haozhen Zhao