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Recent work has shown it is possible to construct adversarial examples that cause an aligned language model to emit harmful strings or perform harmful behavior. Existing attacks work either in the white-box setting (with full access to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Jonathan Hayase , Ema Borevkovic , Nicholas Carlini , Florian Tramèr , Milad Nasr

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. White-box adversarial attacks can fool neural networks with small adversarial perturbations, especially for large size images. However, keeping successful adversarial perturbations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Yongwei Wang , Mingquan Feng , Rabab Ward , Z. Jane Wang , Lanjun Wang

Jailbreaks are adversarial attacks designed to bypass the built-in safety mechanisms of large language models. Automated jailbreaks typically optimize an adversarial suffix or adapt long prompt templates by forcing the model to generate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Raffaele Mura , Giorgio Piras , Kamilė Lukošiūtė , Maura Pintor , Amin Karbasi , Battista Biggio

In this paper we investigate the explainability of transformer models and their plausibility for hate speech and counter speech detection. We compare representatives of four different explainability approaches, i.e., gradient-based,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Adrian Jaques Böck , Djordje Slijepčević , Matthias Zeppelzauer

We introduce a grey-box adversarial attack and defence framework for sentiment classification. We address the issues of differentiability, label preservation and input reconstruction for adversarial attack and defence in one unified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Ying Xu , Xu Zhong , Antonio Jimeno Yepes , Jey Han Lau

Studies have shown that machine learning systems are vulnerable to adversarial examples in theory and practice. Where previous attacks have focused mainly on visual models that exploit the difference between human and machine perception,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Eldor Abdukhamidov , Tamer Abuhmed , Joanna C. S. Santos , Mohammed Abuhamad

During the last two decades, we have progressively turned to the Internet and social media to find news, entertain conversations and share opinion. Recently, OpenAI has developed a ma-chine learning system called GPT-2 for Generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Fouzi Harrag , Maria Debbah , Kareem Darwish , Ahmed Abdelali

Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs) are increasingly deployed to offer advanced capabilities on inputs comprising both text and images. While prior research has shown that adversarial attacks can transfer from open-source to proprietary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Kai Hu , Weichen Yu , Li Zhang , Alexander Robey , Andy Zou , Chengming Xu , Haoqi Hu , Matt Fredrikson

Traditional white-box methods for creating adversarial perturbations against LLMs typically rely only on gradient computation from the targeted model, ignoring the internal mechanisms responsible for attack success or failure. Conversely,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Thomas Winninger , Boussad Addad , Katarzyna Kapusta

There has been recently a growing interest in studying adversarial examples on natural language models in the black-box setting. These methods attack natural language classifiers by perturbing certain important words until the classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Mahmoud Hossam , Trung Le , He Zhao , Viet Huynh , Dinh Phung

We study an important task of attacking natural language processing models in a black box setting. We propose an attack strategy that crafts semantically similar adversarial examples on text classification and entailment tasks. Our proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Rishabh Maheshwary , Saket Maheshwary , Vikram Pudi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can subtly manipulate their outputs. While various defense mechanisms have been proposed, many operate as black boxes, lacking transparency in their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Shaowei Guan , Yu Zhai , Zhengyu Zhang , Yanze Wang , Hin Chi Kwok

Adversarial samples are perturbed inputs crafted to mislead the machine learning systems. A training mechanism, called adversarial training, which presents adversarial samples along with clean samples has been introduced to learn robust…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Vivek B. S. , Konda Reddy Mopuri , R. Venkatesh Babu

Transformer-based models, such as BERT and GPT, have been widely adopted in natural language processing (NLP) due to their exceptional performance. However, recent studies show their vulnerability to textual adversarial attacks where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Lujia Shen , Yuwen Pu , Shouling Ji , Changjiang Li , Xuhong Zhang , Chunpeng Ge , Ting Wang

Black box attacks, where adversaries have limited knowledge of the target model, pose a significant threat to machine learning systems. Adversarial examples generated with a substitute model often suffer from limited transferability to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Bar Avraham , Yisroel Mirsky

Unlike classical lexical overlap metrics such as BLEU, most current evaluation metrics (such as BERTScore or MoverScore) are based on black-box language models such as BERT or XLM-R. They often achieve strong correlations with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Christoph Leiter , Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn , Marina Fomicheva , Wei Zhao , Yang Gao , Steffen Eger

Adversarial attacks are a type of attack on machine learning models where an attacker deliberately modifies the inputs to cause the model to make incorrect predictions. Adversarial attacks can have serious consequences, particularly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Prathyusha Devabhakthini , Sasmita Parida , Raj Mani Shukla , Suvendu Chandan Nayak , Tapadhir Das

In this paper, we present an approach to improve the robustness of BERT language models against word substitution-based adversarial attacks by leveraging adversarial perturbations for self-supervised contrastive learning. We create a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Zhao Meng , Yihan Dong , Mrinmaya Sachan , Roger Wattenhofer

Large language models (LLMs) have been serving as effective backbones for retrieval systems, including Retrieval-Augmentation-Generation (RAG), Dense Information Retriever (IR), and Agent Memory Retrieval. Recent studies have demonstrated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jiate Li , Defu Cao , Li Li , Wei Yang , Yuehan Qin , Chenxiao Yu , Tiannuo Yang , Ryan A. Rossi , Yan Liu , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao

Traditional adversarial attacks concentrate on manipulating clean examples in the pixel space by adding adversarial perturbations. By contrast, semantic adversarial attacks focus on changing semantic attributes of clean examples, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Chenan Wang , Jinhao Duan , Chaowei Xiao , Edward Kim , Matthew Stamm , Kaidi Xu