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3D object detection is an essential part of automated driving, and deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance for this task. However, deep models are notorious for assigning high confidence scores to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Chengjie Huang , Van Duong Nguyen , Vahdat Abdelzad , Christopher Gus Mannes , Luke Rowe , Benjamin Therien , Rick Salay , Krzysztof Czarnecki

State-of-the-art Object Detection (OD) methods predominantly operate under a closed-world assumption, where test-time categories match those encountered during training. However, detecting and localizing unknown objects is crucial for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Daniel Montoya , Aymen Bouguerra , Alexandra Gomez-Villa , Fabio Arnez

The ability to detect objects that are not prevalent in the training set is a critical capability in many 3D applications, including autonomous driving. Machine learning methods for object recognition often assume that all object categories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Zizhao Li , Xueyang Kang , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

Out-of-distribution (OOD) object detection is an important yet underexplored task. A reliable object detector should be able to handle OOD objects by localizing and correctly classifying them as OOD. However, a critical issue arises when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sadia Ilyas , Annika Mütze , Klaus Friedrichs , Thomas Kurbiel , Matthias Rottmann

LiDAR-based 3D object detection has become an essential part of automated driving due to its ability to localize and classify objects precisely in 3D. However, object detectors face a critical challenge when dealing with unknown foreground…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Michael Kösel , Marcel Schreiber , Michael Ulrich , Claudius Gläser , Klaus Dietmayer

This paper presents a novel evaluation framework for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection that aims to assess the performance of machine learning models in more realistic settings. We observed that the real-world requirements for testing OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Vahid Reza Khazaie , Anthony Wong , Mohammad Sabokrou

The usage of deep neural networks in safety-critical systems is limited by our ability to guarantee their correct behavior. Runtime monitors are components aiming to identify unsafe predictions and discard them before they can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Joris Guérin , Kevin Delmas , Raul Sena Ferreira , Jérémie Guiochet

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples outside the training category space, which is an essential component in building reliable machine learning systems. Existing reviews on OOD detection primarily focus on method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shuo Lu , Yingsheng Wang , Lijun Sheng , Lingxiao He , Aihua Zheng , Jian Liang

We study the problem of out-of-distribution dynamics (OODD) detection, which involves detecting when the dynamics of a temporal process change compared to the training-distribution dynamics. This is relevant to applications in control,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Mohamad H Danesh , Alan Fern

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection remains challenging for deep learning models, particularly when test-time OOD samples differ significantly from training outliers. We propose OODD, a novel test-time OOD detection method that dynamically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Yifeng Yang , Lin Zhu , Zewen Sun , Hengyu Liu , Qinying Gu , Nanyang Ye

Out-of-distribution (OoD) detection and segmentation have attracted growing attention as concerns about AI security rise. Conventional OoD detection methods identify the existence of OoD objects but lack spatial localization, limiting their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Wenjie Zhao , Jia Li , Yunhui Guo

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection has received broad attention over the years, aiming to ensure the reliability and safety of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world scenarios by rejecting incorrect predictions. However, we notice a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yao Zhu , Yuefeng Chen , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , Rongxin Jiang , Bolun Zheng , Yaowu Chen

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection aims to justify whether a given sample is from the training distribution of the classifier-under-protection, i.e., In-Distribution (InD), or from OoD. Diffusion Models (DMs) are recently utilized in OoD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Kun Fang , Qinghua Tao , Zuopeng Yang , Xiaolin Huang , Jie Yang

Deep neural networks are increasingly used in a wide range of technologies and services, but remain highly susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, that is, drawn from a different distribution than the original training set. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Pietro Recalcati , Fabio Garcea , Luca Piano , Fabrizio Lamberti , Lia Morra

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is a fundamental challenge in the deployment of machine learning models. From a security standpoint, this is particularly important because OOD test data can result in misleadingly confident yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Onat Gungor , Amanda Sofie Rios , Nilesh Ahuja , Tajana Rosing

We study the problem of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, that is, detecting whether a learning algorithm's output can be trusted at inference time. While a number of tests for OOD detection have been proposed in prior work, a formal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-19 Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli , Anirban Roy , Susmit Jha

It is an important problem in trustworthy machine learning to recognize out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs which are inputs unrelated to the in-distribution task. Many out-of-distribution detection methods have been suggested in recent years.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Julian Bitterwolf , Alexander Meinke , Maximilian Augustin , Matthias Hein

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is critical for safely deploying deep learning models in the real world. Existing approaches for detecting OOD examples work well when evaluated on benign in-distribution and OOD samples. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Jiefeng Chen , Yixuan Li , Xi Wu , Yingyu Liang , Somesh Jha

Detecting and rejecting unknown out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is critical for deployed neural networks to void unreliable predictions. In real-world scenarios, however, the efficacy of existing OOD detection methods is often impeded by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Kai Liu , Zhihang Fu , Sheng Jin , Chao Chen , Ze Chen , Rongxin Jiang , Fan Zhou , Yaowu Chen , Jieping Ye

Detecting test-time distribution shift has emerged as a key capability for safely deployed machine learning models, with the question being tackled under various guises in recent years. In this paper, we aim to provide a consolidated view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Hongjun Wang , Sagar Vaze , Kai Han
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