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The value and copyright of training data are crucial in the artificial intelligence industry. Service platforms should protect data providers' legitimate rights and fairly reward them for their contributions. Shapley value, a potent tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Haifeng Sun , Yu Xiong , Runze Wu , Xinyu Cai , Changjie Fan , Lan Zhang , Xiang-Yang Li

Shapley values have emerged as a widely accepted and trustworthy tool, grounded in theoretical axioms, for addressing challenges posed by black-box models like deep neural networks. However, computing Shapley values encounters exponential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Borui Zhang , Baotong Tian , Wenzhao Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Shapley value is a popular approach for measuring the influence of individual features. While Shapley feature attribution is built upon desiderata from game theory, some of its constraints may be less natural in certain machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Yongchan Kwon , James Zou

Data valuation has found various applications in machine learning, such as data filtering, efficient learning and incentives for data sharing. The most popular current approach to data valuation is the Shapley value. While popular for its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Lauren Watson , Zeno Kujawa , Rayna Andreeva , Hao-Tsung Yang , Tariq Elahi , Rik Sarkar

Originally introduced in cooperative game theory, Shapley values have become a very popular tool to explain machine learning predictions. Based on Shapley's fairness axioms, every input (feature component) gets a credit how it contributes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-19 Michael Mayer , Mario V. Wüthrich

Shapley values are widely used to explain black-box models, but they are costly to calculate because they require many model evaluations. We introduce FastSHAP, a method for estimating Shapley values in a single forward pass using a learned…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-24 Neil Jethani , Mukund Sudarshan , Ian Covert , Su-In Lee , Rajesh Ranganath

As data becomes the fuel driving technological and economic growth, a fundamental challenge is how to quantify the value of data in algorithmic predictions and decisions. For example, in healthcare and consumer markets, it has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-11 Amirata Ghorbani , James Zou

Model interpretability is one of the most intriguing problems in most of the Machine Learning models, particularly for those that are mathematically sophisticated. Computing Shapley Values are arguably the best approach so far to find the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-15 Indranil Basu , Subhadip Maji

Data valuation has become an increasingly significant discipline in data science due to the economic value of data. In the context of machine learning (ML), data valuation methods aim to equitably measure the contribution of each data point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Xiang Li , Haocheng Xia , Jinfei Liu

Data valuation, or the valuation of individual datum contributions, has seen growing interest in machine learning due to its demonstrable efficacy for tasks such as noisy label detection. In particular, due to the desirable axiomatic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Stephanie Schoch , Haifeng Xu , Yangfeng Ji

We consider the dataset valuation problem, that is, the problem of quantifying the incremental gain, to some relevant pre-defined utility of a machine learning task, of aggregating an individual dataset to others. The Shapley value is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Felipe Garrido-Lucero , Benjamin Heymann , Maxime Vono , Patrick Loiseau , Vianney Perchet

Despite the popularity of Shapley Values in explaining neural text classification models, computing them is prohibitive for large pretrained models due to a large number of model evaluations. In practice, Shapley Values are often estimated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Chenghao Yang , Fan Yin , He He , Kai-Wei Chang , Xiaofei Ma , Bing Xiang

Shapley values are widely used for model-agnostic data valuation and feature attribution, yet they implicitly assume contributors are interchangeable. This can be problematic when contributors are dependent (e.g., reused/augmented data or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Kiljae Lee , Ziqi Liu , Weijing Tang , Yuan Zhang

Data Shapley has recently been proposed as a principled framework to quantify the contribution of individual datum in machine learning. It can effectively identify helpful or harmful data points for a learning algorithm. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Yongchan Kwon , James Zou

In Explainable AI (XAI), Shapley values are a popular model-agnostic framework for explaining predictions made by complex machine learning models. The computation of Shapley values requires estimating non-trivial contribution functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Martin Jullum

Originally introduced in game theory, Shapley values have emerged as a central tool in explainable machine learning, where they are used to attribute model predictions to specific input features. However, computing Shapley values exactly is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Christopher Musco , R. Teal Witter

In spite of increased attention on explainable machine learning models, explaining multi-output predictions has not yet been extensively addressed. Methods that use Shapley values to attribute feature contributions to the decision making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Célia Wafa Ayad , Thomas Bonnier , Benjamin Bosch , Jesse Read

Variable selection or importance measurement of input variables to a machine learning model has become the focus of much research. It is no longer enough to have a good model, one also must explain its decisions. This is why there are so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Vincent Lemaire , Fabrice Clérot , Marc Boullé

Shapley value is a classic notion from game theory, historically used to quantify the contributions of individuals within groups, and more recently applied to assign values to data points when training machine learning models. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Amirata Ghorbani , Michael P. Kim , James Zou

Understanding the decision-making process of machine learning models is crucial for ensuring trustworthy machine learning. Data Shapley, a landmark study on data valuation, advances this understanding by assessing the contribution of each…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Huaiguang Cai
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