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How do learners acquire languages from the limited data available to them? This process must involve some inductive biases - factors that affect how a learner generalizes - but it is unclear which inductive biases can explain observed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-02 R. Thomas McCoy , Erin Grant , Paul Smolensky , Thomas L. Griffiths , Tal Linzen

Recent success in training deep neural networks have prompted active investigation into the features learned on their intermediate layers. Such research is difficult because it requires making sense of non-linear computations performed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-01 Yixuan Li , Jason Yosinski , Jeff Clune , Hod Lipson , John Hopcroft

Scaling multilingual representation learning beyond the hundred most frequent languages is challenging, in particular to cover the long tail of low-resource languages. A promising approach has been to train one-for-all multilingual models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Kevin Heffernan , Onur Çelebi , Holger Schwenk

Bilingual Lexicon Induction is the task of learning word translations without bilingual parallel corpora. We model this task as a matrix completion problem, and present an effective and extendable framework for completing the matrix. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Derry Wijaya , Brendan Callahan , John Hewitt , Jie Gao , Xiao Ling , Marianna Apidianaki , Chris Callison-Burch

Spoken language models (SLMs) that integrate speech with large language models (LMs) rely on modality adapters (MAs) to map the output of speech encoders to a representation that is understandable to the decoder LM. Yet we know very little…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Tolúlopé Ògúnrèmí , Christopher D. Manning , Dan Jurafsky , Karen Livescu

Standard pretrained language models operate on sequences of subword tokens without direct access to the characters that compose each token's string representation. We probe the embedding layer of pretrained language models and show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Itay Itzhak , Omer Levy

The success of pre-trained contextualized representations has prompted researchers to analyze them for the presence of linguistic information. Indeed, it is natural to assume that these pre-trained representations do encode some level of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Karolina Stańczak , Lucas Torroba Hennigen , Adina Williams , Ryan Cotterell , Isabelle Augenstein

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, particularly in multilingual contexts. While recent studies suggest that LLMs can transfer skills learned in one language to others, the internal mechanisms behind this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Hongchuan Zeng , Senyu Han , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

Confidence calibration, the alignment of a model's predicted confidence with its actual accuracy, is crucial for the reliable deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, this critical property remains largely under-explored in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ej Zhou , Caiqi Zhang , Tiancheng Hu , Chengzu Li , Nigel Collier , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive language capabilities. While most of the existing LLMs have very unbalanced performance across different languages, multilingual alignment based on translation parallel data is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Shimao Zhang , Changjiang Gao , Wenhao Zhu , Jiajun Chen , Xin Huang , Xue Han , Junlan Feng , Chao Deng , Shujian Huang

Bilingual lexicon induction, translating words from the source language to the target language, is a long-standing natural language processing task. Recent endeavors prove that it is promising to employ images as pivot to learn the lexicon…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Shizhe Chen , Qin Jin , Alexander Hauptmann

Sparse document representations have been widely used to retrieve relevant documents via exact lexical matching. Owing to the pre-computed inverted index, it supports fast ad-hoc search but incurs the vocabulary mismatch problem. Although…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Eunseong Choi , Sunkyung Lee , Minjin Choi , Hyeseon Ko , Young-In Song , Jongwuk Lee

Recently, large language models (LLMs) enhanced by self-reflection have achieved promising performance on machine translation. The key idea is guiding LLMs to generate translation with human-like feedback. However, existing self-reflection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Andong Chen , Lianzhang Lou , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Yang Xiang , Muyun Yang , Tiejun Zhao , Min Zhang

Model internals encode rich information about how a large language model (LLM) processes its training data; however, post-training data engineering largely relies on external signals and ignores rich intrinsic signals lying in model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yi Jing , Zao Dai , Jinwu Hu , Zijun Yao , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li , Xiaozhi Wang

Whereas machine learning models typically learn language by directly training on language tasks (e.g., next-word prediction), language emerges in human children as a byproduct of solving non-language tasks (e.g., acquiring food). Motivated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Evan Zheran Liu , Sahaana Suri , Tong Mu , Allan Zhou , Chelsea Finn

Learning expressive representations for high-dimensional yet sparse features has been a longstanding problem in information retrieval. Though recent deep learning methods can partially solve the problem, they often fail to handle the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Kaize Ding , Albert Jiongqian Liang , Bryan Perrozi , Ting Chen , Ruoxi Wang , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Huan Liu , Derek Zhiyuan Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of displaying a wide range of abilities that are not directly connected with the task for which they are trained: predicting the next words of human-written texts. In this article, I review recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Stefano Nolfi

Autoencoders exhibit impressive abilities to embed the data manifold into a low-dimensional latent space, making them a staple of representation learning methods. However, without explicit supervision, which is often unavailable, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Felix Leeb , Stefan Bauer , Michel Besserve , Bernhard Schölkopf

The ability of machine learning models to store input information in hidden layer vector embeddings, analogous to the concept of `memory', is widely employed but not well characterized. We find that language model embeddings typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Benjamin L. Badger

This work presents an approach for image reconstruction in clinical low-dose tomography that combines principles from sparse signal processing with ideas from deep learning. First, we describe sparse signal representation in terms of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-27 Jevgenija Rudzusika , Thomas Koehler , Ozan Öktem