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We present a polyphonic MIDI score-following algorithm capable of following performances with arbitrary repeats and skips, based on a probabilistic model of musical performances. It is attractive in practical applications of score following…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-08 Eita Nakamura , Tomohiko Nakamura , Yasuyuki Saito , Nobutaka Ono , Shigeki Sagayama

Real-time tracking of the position of a musical performance on a musical score, i.e. score following, can be useful in music practice, performance and production. Example applications of such technology include computer-aided accompaniment…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Lin Hao Lee

Automatic musical accompaniment is where a human musician is accompanied by a computer musician. The computer musician is able to produce musical accompaniment that relates musically to the human performance. The accompaniment should follow…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Anyi Rao , Francis Lau

The goal of score following is to track a musical performance, usually in the form of audio, in a corresponding score representation. Established methods mainly rely on computer-readable scores in the form of MIDI or MusicXML and achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Florian Henkel , Rainer Kelz , Gerhard Widmer

In this demo we show a novel approach to score following. Instead of relying on some symbolic representation, we are using a multi-modal convolutional neural network to match the incoming audio stream directly to sheet music images. This…

Sound · Computer Science 2016-12-16 Matthias Dorfer , Andreas Arzt , Sebastian Böck , Amaury Durand , Gerhard Widmer

This paper discusses real-time alignment of audio signals of music performance to the corresponding score (a.k.a. score following) which can handle tempo changes, errors and arbitrary repeats and/or skips (repeats/skips) in performances.…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Tomohiko Nakamura , Eita Nakamura , Shigeki Sagayama

Score following is the process of tracking a musical performance (audio) with respect to a known symbolic representation (a score). We start this paper by formulating score following as a multimodal Markov Decision Process, the mathematical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Matthias Dorfer , Florian Henkel , Gerhard Widmer

Real-time music tracking systems follow a musical performance and at any time report the current position in a corresponding score. Most existing methods approach this problem exclusively in the audio domain, typically using online time…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Silvan Peter , Patricia Hu , Gerhard Widmer

In this paper we present current trends in real-time music tracking (a.k.a. score following). Casually speaking, these algorithms "listen" to a live performance of music, compare the audio signal to an abstract representation of the score,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Andreas Arzt , Matthias Dorfer

This paper addresses the task of score following in sheet music given as unprocessed images. While existing work either relies on OMR software to obtain a computer-readable score representation, or crucially relies on prepared sheet image…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Florian Henkel , Rainer Kelz , Gerhard Widmer

Musical score following is the real-time mapping of a performance to corresponding locations in a musical score. Score following can be used in a variety of applications including automatic page turning and real-time accompaniment. This…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Josephine Cowley

Recent advances in real-time music score following have made it possible for machines to automatically track highly complex polyphonic music, including full orchestra performances. In this paper, we attempt to take this to an even higher…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-22 Charles Brazier , Gerhard Widmer

This paper addresses the matching of short music audio snippets to the corresponding pixel location in images of sheet music. A system is presented that simultaneously learns to read notes, listens to music and matches the currently played…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-16 Matthias Dorfer , Andreas Arzt , Gerhard Widmer

This paper addresses the problem of sheet-image-based on-line audio-to-score alignment also known as score following. Drawing inspiration from object detection, a conditional neural network architecture is proposed that directly predicts…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Florian Henkel , Gerhard Widmer

Symbolic Music Alignment is the process of matching performed MIDI notes to corresponding score notes. In this paper, we introduce a reinforcement learning (RL)-based online symbolic music alignment technique. The RL agent - an…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Silvan David Peter

Musical performance requires prediction to operate instruments, to perform in groups and to improvise. In this paper, we investigate how a number of digital musical instruments (DMIs), including two of our own, have applied predictive…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-12-21 Charles P. Martin , Kai Olav Ellefsen , Jim Torresen

Recent advances in audio-text large language models (LLMs) have opened new possibilities for music understanding and generation. However, existing benchmarks are limited in scope, often relying on simplified tasks or multi-choice…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Yinghao Ma , Siyou Li , Juntao Yu , Emmanouil Benetos , Akira Maezawa

Algorithms for reliable real-time score following in live opera promise a lot of useful applications such as automatic subtitles display, or real-time video cutting in live streaming. Until now, such systems were based on the strong…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-19 Charles Brazier , Gerhard Widmer

As an important format of multimedia, music has filled almost everyone's life. Automatic analyzing music is a significant step to satisfy people's need for music retrieval and music recommendation in an effortless way. Thereinto, downbeat…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Bijue Jia , Jiancheng Lv , Dayiheng Liu

Deep learning has boosted the performance of many music information retrieval (MIR) systems in recent years. Yet, the complex hierarchical arrangement of music makes end-to-end learning hard for some MIR tasks - a very deep and flexible…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Anders Elowsson
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