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From an environmental standpoint, there are a few crucial aspects of training a neural network that have a major impact on the quantity of carbon that it emits. These factors include: the location of the server used for training and the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Alexandre Lacoste , Alexandra Luccioni , Victor Schmidt , Thomas Dandres

The shift from cloud-hosted Large Language Models (LLMs) to locally deployed open-source Small Language Models (SLMs) has democratized AI-assisted coding; however, it has also decentralized the environmental footprint of AI. While prompting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Md Afif Al Mamun , Sayan Nath , Gias Uddin , Novarun Deb

Due to increased computing use, data centers consume and emit a lot of energy and carbon. These contributions are expected to rise as big data analytics, digitization, and large AI models grow and become major components of daily working…

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has significantly increased the electricity, water, and carbon demands of modern data centers, raising sustainability concerns. This study evaluates the environmental footprint of AI server…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aadi Patel , Nikhil Mahalingam , Rusheen Patel

The prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is having an growing impact on the climate due to the substantial energy required for their deployment and use. To create awareness for developers who are implementing LLMs in their products,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-12 K. Pronk , Q. Zhao

The growing carbon footprint of artificial intelligence (AI) has been undergoing public scrutiny. Nonetheless, the equally important water (withdrawal and consumption) footprint of AI has largely remained under the radar. For example,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Pengfei Li , Jianyi Yang , Mohammad A. Islam , Shaolei Ren

As machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become more widespread, concerns about their environmental impact are increasing due to the resource-intensive nature of training and inference processes. Green AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

The environmental impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rising significantly, with inference now accounting for more than half of their total lifecycle carbon emissions. However, existing simulation frameworks, which are increasingly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Miray Özcan , Philipp Wiesner , Philipp Weiß , Odej Kao

As in other fields of artificial intelligence, the information retrieval community has grown interested in investigating the power consumption associated with neural models, particularly models of search. This interest has become…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Guido Zuccon , Harrisen Scells , Shengyao Zhuang

Philosophers of technology have recently started paying more attention to the environmental impacts of AI, in particular of large language models (LLMs) and generative AI (genAI) applications. Meanwhile, few developers of AI give concrete…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Sylvia Wenmackers

The "AI for Science, Energy, and Security" report from DOE outlines a significant focus on developing and optimizing artificial intelligence workflows for a foundational impact on a broad range of DOE missions. With the pervasive usage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jae-Won Chung , Nishil Talati , Mosharaf Chowdhury

As large language models (LLMs) scale in size and adoption, their computational and environmental costs continue to rise. Prior benchmarking efforts have primarily focused on latency reduction in idealized settings, often overlooking the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Jared Fernandez , Clara Na , Vashisth Tiwari , Yonatan Bisk , Sasha Luccioni , Emma Strubell

In recent times, there has been definitive progress in the field of NLP, with its applications growing as the utility of our language models increases with advances in their performance. However, these models require a large amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Mirza Yusuf , Praatibh Surana , Gauri Gupta , Krithika Ramesh

As global warming soars, the need to assess and reduce the environmental impact of recommender systems is becoming increasingly urgent. Despite this, the recommender systems community hardly understands, addresses, and evaluates the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Lukas Wegmeth , Tobias Vente , Alan Said , Joeran Beel

With the ever-growing adoption of AI, its impact on the environment is no longer negligible. Despite the potential that continual learning could have towards Green AI, its environmental sustainability remains relatively uncharted. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Tomaso Trinci , Simone Magistri , Roberto Verdecchia , Andrew D. Bagdanov

As global warming soars, the need to assess the environmental impact of research is becoming increasingly urgent. Despite this, few recommender systems research papers address their environmental impact. In this study, we estimate the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Tobias Vente , Lukas Wegmeth , Alan Said , Joeran Beel

The rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced unprecedented energy demands, extending beyond training to large-scale inference workloads that often dominate total lifecycle consumption. Deploying these models requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Francisco Caravaca , Ángel Cuevas , Rubén Cuevas

The use of generative AI-based coding assistants like ChatGPT and Github Copilot is a reality in contemporary software development. Many of these tools are provided as remote APIs. Using third-party APIs raises data privacy and security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Negar Alizadeh , Boris Belchev , Nishant Saurabh , Patricia Kelbert , Fernando Castor

The exponential growth of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has revolutionized artificial intelligence, offering unprecedented capabilities in natural language processing. However, the extensive computational resources required for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ashhadul Islam , Samir Brahim Belhaouari , Amine Bermak

Reducing the environmental impact of AI-based software systems has become critical. The intensive use of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering poses severe challenges regarding computational resources, data centers, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Riccardo Rubei , Aicha Moussaid , Claudio di Sipio , Davide di Ruscio