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Warning: This paper contains examples of stereotypes and biases. Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit considerable social biases, and various studies have tried to evaluate and mitigate these biases accurately. Previous studies use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Rem Hida , Masahiro Kaneko , Naoaki Okazaki

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software development is transforming programming from a solution-generative to a solution-evaluative activity. This shift opens a pathway for new cognitive challenges that amplify…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Xinyi Zhou , Zeinadsadat Saghi , Sadra Sabouri , Rahul Pandita , Mollie McGuire , Souti Chattopadhyay

This paper examines the role of cognitive biases in the decision-making processes of large language models (LLMs), challenging the conventional goal of eliminating all biases. When properly balanced, we show that certain cognitive biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hanyang Zhong , Liman Wang , Wenting Cao , Zeyuan Sun

Detecting cognitive biases in large language models (LLMs) is a fascinating task that aims to probe the existing cognitive biases within these models. Current methods for detecting cognitive biases in language models generally suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhentao Xie , Jiabao Zhao , Yilei Wang , Jinxin Shi , Yanhong Bai , Xingjiao Wu , Liang He

Recent advances on instruction fine-tuning have led to the development of various prompting techniques for large language models, such as explicit reasoning steps. However, the success of techniques depends on various parameters, such as…

Large Language Models are increasingly used as judges to evaluate code artifacts when exhaustive human review or executable test coverage is unavailable. LLM-judge is increasingly relevant in agentic software engineering workflows, where it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zixiao Zhao , Amirreza Esmaeili , Fatemeh Fard

The spread of fake news has emerged as a critical challenge, undermining trust and posing threats to society. In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), the capability to generate believable fake content has intensified these concerns. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Jinyan Su , Terry Yue Zhuo , Jonibek Mansurov , Di Wang , Preslav Nakov

As the adoption of LLMs becomes more widespread in software coding ecosystems, a pressing issue has emerged: does the generated code contain social bias and unfairness, such as those related to age, gender, and race? This issue concerns the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Dong Huang , Jie M. Zhang , Qingwen Bu , Xiaofei Xie , Junjie Chen , Heming Cui

Investigating bias in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for developing trustworthy AI. While prompt-based through prompt engineering is common, its effectiveness relies on the assumption that models inherently understand biases. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Xinyi Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Derek F. Wong , Shu Yang , Junchao Wu , Lidia S. Chao

Writing effective prompts for large language models (LLM) can be unintuitive and burdensome. In response, services that optimize or suggest prompts have emerged. While such services can reduce user effort, they also introduce a risk: the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Weiran Lin , Anna Gerchanovsky , Omer Akgul , Lujo Bauer , Matt Fredrikson , Zifan Wang

Rapid advancements in Large Language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced their reasoning capabilities. Despite improved performance on benchmarks, LLMs exhibit notable gaps in their cognitive processes. Additionally, as reflections of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Ammar Shaikh , Raj Abhijit Dandekar , Sreedath Panat , Rajat Dandekar

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled automatic generation of chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, leading to strong performance on tasks such as math and code. However, when reasoning steps reflect social stereotypes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xuyang Wu , Jinming Nian , Ting-Ruen Wei , Zhiqiang Tao , Hsin-Tai Wu , Yi Fang

Difficult decision-making problems abound in various disciplines and domains. The proliferation of generative techniques, especially large language models (LLMs), has excited interest in using them for decision support. However, LLMs cannot…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Boris Kovalerchuk , Brent D. Fegley

Large Language Models (LLMs) inherit explicit and implicit biases from their training datasets. Identifying and mitigating biases in LLMs is crucial to ensure fair outputs, as they can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and misinformation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fatima Kazi , Alex Young , Yash Inani , Setareh Rafatirad

Modern language models are trained on large amounts of data. These data inevitably include controversial and stereotypical content, which contains all sorts of biases related to gender, origin, age, etc. As a result, the models express…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Aleksandra Sorokovikova , Pavel Chizhov , Iuliia Eremenko , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet their safety mechanisms remain susceptible to adversarial attacks that exploit cognitive biases -- systematic deviations from rational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xikang Yang , Biyu Zhou , Xuehai Tang , Jizhong Han , Songlin Hu

Recommender systems are essential for delivering personalized content across digital platforms by modeling user preferences and behaviors. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been adopted for prompt-based recommendation due to their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Md Aminul Islam , Ahmed Sayeed Faruk

Large language models (LLMs) are known to produce varying responses depending on prompt phrasing, indicating that subtle guidance in phrasing can steer their answers. However, the impact of this framing bias on LLM-based evaluation, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Taegwan Kang , Minwoo Lee , Kyomin Jung

Integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) into complex software systems enables the generation of human-understandable explanations of opaque AI processes, such as automated task planning. However, the quality and reliability of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Gricel Vázquez , Alexandros Evangelidis , Sepeedeh Shahbeigi , Radu Calinescu , Simos Gerasimou

Large language models (LLMs) can perform recommendation tasks by taking prompts written in natural language as input. Compared to traditional methods such as collaborative filtering, LLM-based recommendation offers advantages in handling…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Genki Kusano , Kosuke Akimoto , Kunihiro Takeoka