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Large language models (LLMs) are known to generate plausible but false information across a wide range of contexts, yet the real-world magnitude and consequences of this hallucination problem remain poorly understood. Here we leverage a…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Zhenyue Zhao , Yihe Wang , Toby Stuart , Mathijs De Vaan , Paul Ginsparg , Yian Yin

Traditional language models face a challenge from hallucinations. Their very presence casts a large, dangerous shadow over the promising realm of natural language processing. It becomes crucial to understand the various kinds of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Parth Pulkundwar , Vivek Dhanawade , Rohit Yadav , Minal Sonkar , Medha Asurlekar , Sarita Rathod

Hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) refer to the phenomenon of LLMs producing responses that are coherent yet factually inaccurate. This issue undermines the effectiveness of LLMs in practical applications, necessitating research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Weihang Su , Changyue Wang , Qingyao Ai , Yiran HU , Zhijing Wu , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu

Edgar Allan Poe noted, "Truth often lurks in the shadow of error," highlighting the deep complexity intrinsic to the interplay between truth and falsehood, notably under conditions of cognitive and informational asymmetry. This dynamic is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Chaozhuo Li , Pengbo Wang , Chenxu Wang , Litian Zhang , Zheng Liu , Qiwei Ye , Yuanbo Xu , Feiran Huang , Xi Zhang , Philip S. Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to generating plausible yet incorrect responses, known as hallucinations. Effectively detecting hallucinations is therefore crucial for the safe deployment of LLMs. Recent research has linked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Litian Liu , Reza Pourreza , Sunny Panchal , Apratim Bhattacharyya , Yubing Jian , Yao Qin , Roland Memisevic

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to advance in their ability to write human-like text, a key challenge remains around their tendency to hallucinate generating content that appears factual but is ungrounded. This issue of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 S. M Towhidul Islam Tonmoy , S M Mehedi Zaman , Vinija Jain , Anku Rani , Vipula Rawte , Aman Chadha , Amitava Das

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in content generation, coding, and common-sense reasoning has spurred widespread integration into many facets of society. However, integration of LLMs raises valid questions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ola Shorinwa , Zhiting Mei , Justin Lidard , Allen Z. Ren , Anirudha Majumdar

The widespread public deployment of large language models (LLMs) in recent months has prompted a wave of new attention and engagement from advocates, policymakers, and scholars from many fields. This attention is a timely response to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Samuel R. Bowman

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have recently achieved remarkable success. However, LVLMs are still plagued by the hallucination problem, which limits the practicality in many scenarios. Hallucination refers to the information of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Junyang Wang , Yiyang Zhou , Guohai Xu , Pengcheng Shi , Chenlin Zhao , Haiyang Xu , Qinghao Ye , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Jihua Zhu , Jitao Sang , Haoyu Tang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful foundational models to solve a variety of tasks, they have also been shown to be prone to hallucinations, i.e., generating responses that sound confident but are actually incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jiawei Li , Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli

Despite their powerful chat, coding, and reasoning abilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate. Conventional wisdom suggests that hallucinations are a consequence of a balance between creativity and factuality, which can…

While many capabilities of language models (LMs) improve with increased training budget, the influence of scale on hallucinations is not yet fully understood. Hallucinations come in many forms, and there is no universally accepted…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have benefited enormously from scaling, yet these gains are bounded by five fundamental limitations: (1) hallucination, (2) context compression, (3) reasoning degradation, (4) retrieval fragility, and (5)…

Large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations-content that deviates from factual accuracy or provided context-posing challenges for diagnosis due to the complex interplay of underlying causes. This paper introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yiyou Sun , Yu Gai , Lijie Chen , Abhilasha Ravichander , Yejin Choi , Dawn Song

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

Large language models (LLMs) have led to breakthroughs in language tasks, yet the internal mechanisms that enable their remarkable generalization and reasoning abilities remain opaque. This lack of transparency presents challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Haiyan Zhao , Fan Yang , Bo Shen , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Mengnan Du

Context. Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in software engineering workflows for tasks including code generation, summarization, repair, and testing. Empirical studies report productivity gains, improved comprehension,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Bruno Claudino Matias , Savio Freire , Juliana Freitas , Felipe Fronchetti , Kostadin Damevski , Rodrigo Spinola

Large language models (LLMs) have been found to produce hallucinations when the question exceeds their internal knowledge boundaries. A reliable model should have a clear perception of its knowledge boundaries, providing correct answers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Shiyu Ni , Keping Bi , Lulu Yu , Jiafeng Guo

Large language models (LLMs) are promising tools for supporting security management tasks, such as incident response planning. However, their unreliability and tendency to hallucinate remain significant challenges. In this paper, we address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Kim Hammar , Tansu Alpcan , Emil Lupu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced, they have brought forth new challenges, with one of the prominent issues being LLM hallucination. While various mitigation techniques are emerging to address hallucination, it is equally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Vipula Rawte , Prachi Priya , S. M Towhidul Islam Tonmoy , S M Mehedi Zaman , Amit Sheth , Amitava Das
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