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Related papers: Jailbreaking is (Mostly) Simpler Than You Think

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Frontier AI systems are rapidly advancing in their capabilities to persuade, deceive, and influence human behaviour, with current models already demonstrating human-level persuasion and strategic deception in specific contexts. Humans are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Rishane Dassanayake , Mario Demetroudi , James Walpole , Lindley Lentati , Jason R. Brown , Edward James Young

Recent improvement gains in large language models (LLMs) have lead to everyday usage of AI-based Conversational Agents (CAs). At the same time, LLMs are vulnerable to an array of threats, including jailbreaks and, for example, causing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Kathrin Grosse , Nico Ebert

Content Warning: This paper may contain unsafe or harmful content generated by LLMs that may be offensive to readers. Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as tooling platforms through structured output APIs, but the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shuoming Zhang , Jiacheng Zhao , Hanyuan Dong , Ruiyuan Xu , Zhicheng Li , Yangyu Zhang , Shuaijiang Li , Yuan Wen , Chunwei Xia , Zheng Wang , Xiaobing Feng , Huimin Cui

In-context learning, a paradigm bridging the gap between pre-training and fine-tuning, has demonstrated high efficacy in several NLP tasks, especially in few-shot settings. Despite being widely applied, in-context learning is vulnerable to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Luu Anh Tuan , Fengjun Pan , Jinming Wen

Jailbreak attacks remain a persistent threat to large language model safety. We propose Context-Conditioned Delta Steering (CC-Delta), an SAE-based defense that identifies jailbreak-relevant sparse features by comparing token-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yannick Assogba , Jacopo Cortellazzi , Javier Abad , Pau Rodriguez , Xavier Suau , Arno Blaas

Agentic language-model systems increasingly rely on mutable execution contexts, including files, memory, tools, skills, and auxiliary artifacts, creating security risks beyond explicit user prompts. This paper presents DeepTrap, an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Hongwei Yao , Yiming Liu , Yiling He , Bingrun Yang

As large language models (LLMs) grow more capable, they face growing vulnerability to sophisticated jailbreak attacks. While developers invest heavily in alignment finetuning and safety guardrails, researchers continue publishing novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Boyuan Chen , Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Siddharth Garg , Muhammad Shafique

Safety alignment in large language models relies on behavioral training that can be overridden when sufficiently strong in-context patterns compete with learned refusal behaviors. We introduce Involuntary In-Context Learning (IICL), an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Alex Polyakov , Daniel Kuznetsov

Recent advances in natural language processing and the increased use of large language models have exposed new security vulnerabilities, such as backdoor attacks. Previous backdoor attacks require input manipulation after model distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Minkyoo Song , Hanna Kim , Jaehan Kim , Youngjin Jin , Seungwon Shin

Embodied Artificial Intelligence (AI) promises to handle edge cases in robotic vehicle systems where data is scarce by using common-sense reasoning grounded in perception and action to generalize beyond training distributions and adapt to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Luis Burbano , Diego Ortiz , Qi Sun , Siwei Yang , Haoqin Tu , Cihang Xie , Yinzhi Cao , Alvaro A Cardenas

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak prompts that elicit harmful or policy-violating outputs, while many existing defenses rely on expensive fine-tuning, intrusive prompt rewriting, or external guardrails that add…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Weiming Song , Xuan Xie , Ruiping Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities across diverse applications. However, concerns regarding their security, particularly the vulnerability to jailbreak attacks, persist. Drawing inspiration from adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yujun Zhou , Yufei Han , Haomin Zhuang , Kehan Guo , Zhenwen Liang , Hongyan Bao , Xiangliang Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly deployed, understanding the complexity and evolution of jailbreaking strategies is critical for AI safety. We present a mass-scale empirical analysis of jailbreak complexity across over 2…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aldan Creo , Raul Castro Fernandez , Manuel Cebrian

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance compared to previous methods on various tasks, and often serve as the foundation models for many researches and services. However, the untrustworthy third-party LLMs may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Hai Huang , Zhengyu Zhao , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that circumvent safety constraints. Existing strategies, ranging from heuristic prompt engineering to computationally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Wenpeng Xing , Moran Fang , Guangtai Wang , Changting Lin , Meng Han

The rise of multimodal large language models has introduced innovative human-machine interaction paradigms but also significant challenges in machine learning safety. Audio-Language Models (ALMs) are especially relevant due to the intuitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Isha Gupta , David Khachaturov , Robert Mullins

Large language models (LLMs) excel in various tasks but remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversaries manipulate prompts to generate harmful outputs. Examining jailbreak prompts helps uncover the shortcomings of LLMs. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Weixiong Zheng , Peijian Zeng , Yiwei Li , Hongyan Wu , Nankai Lin , Junhao Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

Collaborative multi-agent reinforcement learning has rapidly evolved, offering state-of-the-art algorithms for real-world applications, including sensitive domains. However, a key challenge to its widespread adoption is the lack of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Amine Andam , Jamal Bentahar , Mustapha Hedabou

Recently, self-learning methods based on user satisfaction metrics and contextual bandits have shown promising results to enable consistent improvements in conversational AI systems. However, directly targeting such metrics by off-policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Mohammad Kachuee , Sungjin Lee

Backdoor attack is a new AI security risk that has emerged in recent years. Drawing on the previous research of adversarial attack, we argue that the backdoor attack has the potential to tap into the model learning process and improve model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Shangxi Wu , Qiuyang He , Yi Zhang , Jitao Sang