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Untrusted node networks initially implemented by measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol are a crucial step on the roadmap of the quantum Internet. Considering extensive QKD implementations of trusted node…

Building scalable and secure quantum networks requires advanced quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that support multi-user connectivity. Continuous-variable (CV) measurement-device-independent (MDI) QKD, which eliminates all detector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-18 Adnan A. E. Hajomer , Ulrik L Andersen , Tobias Gehring

The accelerating digitalization and decentralization of modern power systems expose critical communication infrastructures to escalating cyber risks, particularly under emerging quantum computing threats. This paper presents an integrated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Ziqing Zhu

Twin-Field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) is a major candidate to be the new benchmark for far-distance QKD implementations, since its secret key rate can overcome the repeaterless bound by means of a simple interferometric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-15 Federico Grasselli , Alvaro Navarrete , Marcos Curty

The security of measurement device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI QKD) relies on a thorough characterization of one's optical source output, especially any noise in the state preparation process. Here, we provide an extension of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 J. Eli Bourassa , Ignatius William Primaatmaja , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum key distribution(QKD) allows two remote parties to share information-theoretic secret keys. Many QKD protocols assume the phase of encoding state can be continuous randomized from 0 to 2 pi, which, however, may be questionable in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Rui Qiang Wang , Zhen Qiang yin , Rong Wang , Shuang Wang , Wei Chen , Guang can Guo , Zhen fu Han

In the evolving landscape of quantum technology, the increasing prominence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of conventional public key infrastructure. Quantum key distribution (QKD), an established quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Kaiwei Qiu , Jing Yan Haw , Hao Qin , Nelly H. Y. Ng , Michael Kasper , Alexander Ling

Quantum key distribution (QKD) based on coherent states is well known for its implementation simplicity, but it suffers from loss-dependent attacks based on optimal unambiguous state discrimination. Crucially, previous research has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-05 Li Liu , Yukun Wang , Emilien Lavie , Arno Ricou , Chao Wang , Fen Zhuo Guo , Charles Ci Wen Lim

Quantum key distribution (QKD) via satellite links is the only currently viable solution to create quantum-backed secure communication at a global scale. To achieve intercontinental coverage with available technology one must adopt a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-14 Gianluca De Santis , Konstantin Kravtsov , Sana Amairi-Pyka , James A. Grieve

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that ensures secure communication by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem and quantum uncertainty. This chapter provides an overview of this quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Sebastian Kish , Josef Pieprzyk , Seyit Camtepe

The linear constraint of secret key rate capacity is overcome by the tiwn-field quantum key distribution (QKD). However, the complex phase-locking and phase-tracking technique requirements throttle the real-life applications of twin-field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-09 Jun-Lin Bai , Yuan-Mei Xie , Yao Fu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables unconditionally secure symmetric key exchange between parties. However, terrestrial fibre-optic links face inherent distance constraints due to quantum signal degradation. Traditional solutions to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Aitor Brazaola-Vicario , Oscar Lage , Julen Bernabé-Rodríguez , Eduardo Jacob , Jasone Astorga

This paper presents a novel hybrid Quantum Key Distribution ,QKD, protocol that combines entanglement based and non entanglement based approaches to optimize security and the number of generated keys. We introduce a dynamic system that…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables secure key exchanges between two remote users. The ultimate goal of secure communication is to establish a global quantum network. The existing field tests suggest that quantum networks are feasible.…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is revolutionizing cryptography by promising information-theoretic security through the immutable laws of quantum mechanics. Yet, the challenge of transforming these idealized security models into practical,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Nitin Jha , Abhishek Parakh , Mahadevan Subramaniam

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) and its variant protocols are highly attractive due to the advantage of overcoming the rate-loss limit for secret key rates of point-to-point QKD protocols. For variations of TF-QKD, the key…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises information-theoretic security based on quantum mechanics and idealized device models. Practical implementations, however, deviate from these models due to unavoidable device imperfections, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Álvaro Navarrete , Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty

There is a big gap between theory and practice in quantum key distribution (QKD) because real devices do not satisfy the assumptions required by the security proofs. Here, we close this gap by introducing a simple and practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-31 Álvaro Navarrete , Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been developed within the last decade that is provably secure against arbitrary computing power, and even against quantum computer attacks. Now there is a strong need of research to exploit this technology…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2009-01-30 Muhammad Mubashir Khan , Salahuddin Hyder , Mahmood K Pathan , Kashif H Sheikh

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can secure cryptographic communication between two distant users, as guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics rather than computational assumptions. The twin-field scheme, which employs counter-propagated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-14 Venkat Abhignan , R. Srikanth