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Planetary habitability is in part determined by the atmospheric evolution of a planet; one key component of such evolution is escape of heavy ions to space. Ion loss processes are sensitive to the plasma environment of the planet, dictated…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-27 Hilary Egan , Riku Jarvinen , David Brain

With the operation of JWST, atmospheric characterization has now extended to low-mass exoplanets. In compact multiplanetary systems, secular spin-orbital resonance may preserve high obliquities and asynchronous rotation even for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-27 Yanhong Lai , Xianyu Tan , Yubo Su

Atmospheric observations of mini-Neptunes orbiting M-dwarfs are beginning to provide constraints on their chemical and thermal properties, while also providing clues about their interiors and potential surfaces. With their relatively large…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-09 Anjali A. A. Piette , Nikku Madhusudhan

Motivated by recent discoveries of low-density super-Earths with short orbital periods, we have investigated in-situ accretion of H-He atmospheres on rocky bodies embedded in dissipating warm disks, by simulating quasi-static evolution of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 Masahiro Ikoma , Yasunori Hori

Small planets are extremely common in the Galaxy, including planets with masses and radii between those of Earth and Neptune. Characterizing these planets' masses requires ultra-precise radial velocities. The ESPRESSO spectrograph was…

Following the discovery of the first exoplanet candidate transiting a white dwarf (WD), a "white dwarf opportunity" for characterizing the atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets around WDs is emerging. Large planet-to-star size ratios and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-02 Zifan Lin , Sara Seager , Sukrit Ranjan , Thea Kozakis , Lisa Kaltenegger

Tidal disruption and engulfment events around main-sequence stars -- such as the luminous red nova ZTF SLRN-2020, a candidate planetary-engulfment event -- reveal the destruction of close-in giant planets. While current observations focus…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-13 Mario Sucerquia , Matías Montesinos , Ana María Agudelo , Nicolás Cuello

The Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020 highlights the importance of advancing research focused on discovering and characterizing habitable worlds. In line with this priority, our goal is to investigate how planetary systems…

Numerous exoplanets with masses ranging from Earth to Neptune and radii larger than Earth have been found through observations. These planets possess atmospheres that range in mass fractions from 1% to 30%, reflecting the diversity of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-25 Kenji Kurosaki , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

Elemental abundances, particularly the C/O ratio, are seen as a way to connect the composition of planetary atmospheres with planet formation scenario and the disc chemical environment. We model the chemical composition of gas and ices in a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-01-15 Tamara Molyarova , Eduard Vorobyov , Vitaly Akimkin

We apply hydrodynamic evaporation models to different synthetic planet populations that were obtained from a planet formation code based on a core-accretion paradigm. We investigated the evolution of the planet populations using several…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 Sheng Jin , Christoph Mordasini , Vivien Parmentier , Roy van Boekel , Thomas Henning , Jianghui Ji

One of the most significant advances by NASA's ${\mathit Kepler}$ Mission was the discovery of an abundant new population of highly irradiated planets with sizes between the Earth and Neptune. Subsequent analysis showed that at ~1.5 Earth…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-06-11 Eric D. Lopez , Ken Rice

Atmospheric compositions can provide powerful diagnostics of formation and migration histories of planetary systems. We investigate constraints on atmospheric abundances of H$_2$O, Na, and K, in a sample of transiting exoplanets using…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-08 Luis Welbanks , Nikku Madhusudhan , Nicole F. Allard , Ivan Hubeny , Fernand Spiegelman , Thierry Leininger

Intense X-ray and ultraviolet stellar irradiation can heat and inflate the atmospheres of closely orbiting exoplanets, driving mass outflows that may be significant enough to evaporate a sizable fraction of the planet atmosphere over the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-10 Andrea Caldiroli , Francesco Haardt , Elena Gallo , Riccardo Spinelli , Isaac Malsky , Emily Rauscher

Motivated by the recent surge in interest concerning white dwarf (WD) planets, this work presents the first numerical exploration of WD-driven atmospheric escape, whereby the high-energy radiation from a hot/young WD can trigger the outflow…

We constrain the planetary atmospheric mass fraction at the time of the dispersal of the protoplanetary disk and the evolution of the stellar rotation rate for a dozen multi-planet systems that host sub-Neptunes and/or super-Earths. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-22 A. Bonfanti , L. Fossati , D. Kubyshkina , P. E. Cubillos

Earth's water, intrinsic oxidation state, and metal core density are fundamental chemical features of our planet. Studies of exoplanets provide a useful context for elucidating the source of these chemical traits. Planet formation and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-18 Edward D. Young , Anat Shahar , Hilke E. Schlichting

The Kepler satellite has revealed a gap between sub-Neptunes and super-Earths that atmospheric escape models had predicted as an evaporation valley. We seek to contrast results from a simple XUV-driven energy-limited (ELIM) escape model…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-23 Lukas Affolter , Christoph Mordasini , Apurva V. Oza , Daria Kubyshkina , Luca Fossati

Accurately determining escape rates from a planet's atmosphere is critical for determining its evolution. Escape can be driven by upward thermal conduction of energy deposited well below the exobase, as well as by non-thermal processes…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 R. E. Johnson

Observations of transmission spectra reveal that hot Jupiters and Neptunes are likely to possess escaping atmospheres driven by stellar radiation. Numerous models predict that magnetic fields may exert significant influences on the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-21 Lei Xing , Jianheng Guo , Chuyuan Yang , Dongdong Yan