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Mainstream methods for Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) based on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) heavily rely on the statistical correlation between case facts and judgment results. This paradigm lacks explicit modeling of legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuzhi Liang , Lixiang Ma , Xinrong Zhu

A topic of great current interest is Causal Representation Learning (CRL), whose goal is to learn a causal model for hidden features in a data-driven manner. Unfortunately, CRL is severely ill-posed since it is a combination of the two…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-10 Hiroshi Morioka , Aapo Hyvärinen

Causal representation learning (CRL) models aim to transform high-dimensional data into a latent space, enabling interventions to generate counterfactual samples or modify existing data based on the causal relationships among latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Alireza Sadeghi , Wael AbdAlmageed

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and Large Language Models (LLMs) in particular, are increasingly employed for creative tasks like scientific idea generation, constituting a form of generalization from training data unaddressed by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Samuel Schapiro , Sumuk Shashidhar , Alexi Gladstone , Jonah Black , Royce Moon , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Lav R. Varshney

Causal reasoning and discovery, two fundamental tasks of causal analysis, often face challenges in applications due to the complexity, noisiness, and high-dimensionality of real-world data. Despite recent progress in identifying latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Dingling Yao , Shimeng Huang , Riccardo Cadei , Kun Zhang , Francesco Locatello

Sentiment analysis (SA) aims to identify the sentiment expressed in a text, such as a product review. Given a review and the sentiment associated with it, this work formulates SA as a combination of two tasks: (1) a causal discovery task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhiheng Lyu , Zhijing Jin , Fernando Gonzalez , Rada Mihalcea , Bernhard Schölkopf , Mrinmaya Sachan

Dealing with context dependent knowledge has led to different formalizations of the notion of context. Among them is the Contextualized Knowledge Repository (CKR) framework, which is rooted in description logics but links on the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Loris Bozzato , Thomas Eiter , Rafael Kiesel

Large proprietary language models exhibit strong causal reasoning abilities that smaller open-source models struggle to replicate. We introduce a novel framework for distilling causal explanations that transfers causal reasoning skills from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Aggrey Muhebwa , Khalid K. Osman

We study structured abstraction-based reasoning for the Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) and compare its generalization to test-time approaches. Purely neural architectures lack reliable combinatorial generalization, while strictly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Anugyan Das , Omkar Ghugarkar , Vishvesh Bhat , Asad Aali

We investigate the ability of language models to perform compositional reasoning tasks where the overall solution depends on correctly composing the answers to sub-problems. We measure how often models can correctly answer all sub-problems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ofir Press , Muru Zhang , Sewon Min , Ludwig Schmidt , Noah A. Smith , Mike Lewis

In the fundamental statistics course, students are taught to remember the well-known saying: "Correlation is not Causation". Till now, statistics (i.e., correlation) have developed various successful frameworks, such as Transformer and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Ning Xu , Yifei Gao , Hongshuo Tian , Yongdong Zhang , An-An Liu

Causal networks are widely used in many fields, including epidemiology, social science, medicine, and engineering, to model the complex relationships between variables. While it can be convenient to algorithmically infer these models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Yanming Zhang , Brette Fitzgibbon , Dino Garofolo , Akshith Kota , Eric Papenhausen , Klaus Mueller

Causal reasoning is the main learning and explanation tool used by humans. AI systems should possess causal reasoning capabilities to be deployed in the real world with trust and reliability. Introducing the ideas of causality to machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy

Knowledge editing is pivotal for efficiently updating the parametric memory of Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling them to function as evolving agents in dynamic environments. However, mainstream in-parameter knowledge editing approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xiyu Liu , Zhengxiao Liu , Naibin Gu , Zheng Lin , Weiping Wang

Causal reasoning is a crucial part of science and human intelligence. In order to discover causal relationships from data, we need structure discovery methods. We provide a review of background theory and a survey of methods for structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Matthew J. Vowels , Necati Cihan Camgoz , Richard Bowden

Causal Representation Learning (CRL) aims at identifying high-level causal factors and their relationships from high-dimensional observations, e.g., images. While most CRL works focus on learning causal representations in a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Davide Talon , Phillip Lippe , Stuart James , Alessio Del Bue , Sara Magliacane

This paper brings together two lines of research: factor-based models of case-based reasoning (CBR) and the logical specification of classifiers. Logical approaches to classifiers capture the connection between features and outcomes in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Xinghan Liu , Emiliano Lorini , Antonino Rotolo , Giovanni Sartor

Grounded language models use external sources of information, such as knowledge graphs, to meet some of the general challenges associated with pre-training. By extending previous work on compositional generalization in semantic parsing, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Sondre Wold , Étienne Simon , Lucas Georges Gabriel Charpentier , Egor V. Kostylev , Erik Velldal , Lilja Øvrelid

According to the principle of compositional generalization, the meaning of a complex expression can be understood as a function of the meaning of its parts and of how they are combined. This principle is crucial for human language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Sungjun Han , Sebastian Padó

Recently, studies of visual question answering have explored various architectures of end-to-end networks and achieved promising results on both natural and synthetic datasets, which require explicitly compositional reasoning. However, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Qingxing Cao , Xiaodan Liang , Keze Wang , Liang Lin