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Large language models (LLMs) can handle a wide variety of general tasks with simple prompts, without the need for task-specific training. Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), built upon LLMs, have demonstrated impressive potential in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Tao Yu , Yi-Fan Zhang , Chaoyou Fu , Junkang Wu , Jinda Lu , Kun Wang , Xingyu Lu , Yunhang Shen , Guibin Zhang , Dingjie Song , Yibo Yan , Tianlong Xu , Qingsong Wen , Zhang Zhang , Yan Huang , Liang Wang , Tieniu Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on the pre-trained fine-tuning paradigm have become pivotal in solving natural language processing tasks, consistently achieving state-of-the-art performance. Nevertheless, the theoretical understanding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Jing Luo , Huiyuan Wang , Weiran Huang

Recent advancements in self-improvement for Large Language Models (LLMs) have efficiently enhanced model capabilities without significantly increasing costs, particularly in terms of human effort. While this area is still relatively young,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Shijian Deng , Kai Wang , Tianyu Yang , Harsh Singh , Yapeng Tian

Language models (LMs) are machine learning models designed to predict linguistic patterns by estimating the probability of word sequences based on large-scale datasets, such as text. LMs have a wide range of applications in natural language…

Instruction tuning is a pivotal technique for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, safety constraints, and domain-specific requirements. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the full pipeline,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xudong Han , Junjie Yang , Tianyang Wang , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Junfeng Hao , Junhao Song

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have displayed remarkable performance in multi-modal tasks, particularly in visual comprehension. However, we reveal that MLLMs often generate incorrect answers even when they understand the visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Yexin Liu , Zhengyang Liang , Yueze Wang , Xianfeng Wu , Feilong Tang , Muyang He , Jian Li , Zheng Liu , Harry Yang , Sernam Lim , Bo Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) are not amenable to frequent re-training, due to high training costs arising from their massive scale. However, updates are necessary to endow LLMs with new skills and keep them up-to-date with rapidly evolving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Tongtong Wu , Linhao Luo , Yuan-Fang Li , Shirui Pan , Thuy-Trang Vu , Gholamreza Haffari

We explore Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), which integrate LLMs like GPT-4 to handle multimodal data, including text, images, audio, and more. MLLMs demonstrate capabilities such as generating image captions and answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Shezheng Song , Xiaopeng Li , Shasha Li , Shan Zhao , Jie Yu , Jun Ma , Xiaoguang Mao , Weimin Zhang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) enhance the capabilities of standard large language models by integrating and processing data from multiple modalities, including text, vision, audio, video, and 3D environments. Data plays a pivotal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Tianyi Bai , Hao Liang , Binwang Wan , Yanran Xu , Xi Li , Shiyu Li , Ling Yang , Bozhou Li , Yifan Wang , Bin Cui , Ping Huang , Jiulong Shan , Conghui He , Binhang Yuan , Wentao Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) struggle with continual learning, often suffering from catastrophic forgetting when adapting to sequential tasks. We introduce a routing-based architecture that integrates new capabilities while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jay Mohta , Kenan Emir Ak , Gwang Lee , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Yan Xu , Mingwei Shen

Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) refers to a model expanded from a Large Language Model (LLM) that possesses the capability to handle and infer multi-modal data. Current MLLMs typically begin by using LLMs to decompose tasks into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Yongqiang Zhao , Zhenyu Li , Feng Zhang , Xinhai Xu , Donghong Liu

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) on a diverse array of tasks has become a common approach for building models that can solve various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, where and to what extent these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Shay B. Cohen

Achieving deep alignment between vision and language remains a central challenge for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). These models often fail to fully leverage visual input, defaulting to strong language priors. Our approach first…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Aarti Ghatkesar , Ganesh Venkatesh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse domains. However, effectively leveraging their vast knowledge for training smaller downstream models remains an open challenge, especially in domains like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Davor Vukadin , Marin Šilić , Goran Delač

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on natural language understanding (NLU) tasks through fine-tuning. However, fine-tuned models still suffer from overconfident predictions, especially in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Guande He , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu

Multimodal Large Models (MLMs) are becoming a significant research focus, combining powerful large language models with multimodal learning to perform complex tasks across different data modalities. This review explores the latest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Xinji Mai , Zeng Tao , Junxiong Lin , Haoran Wang , Yang Chang , Yanlan Kang , Yan Wang , Wenqiang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as a focal point of research and application, driven by their unprecedented ability to understand and generate text with human-like quality. Even more recently, LLMs have been extended into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Kilian Carolan , Laura Fennelly , Alan F. Smeaton

Continual learning (CL) has emerged as a pivotal paradigm to enable large language models (LLMs) to dynamically adapt to evolving knowledge and sequential tasks while mitigating catastrophic forgetting-a critical limitation of the static…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hongyang Chen , Zhongwu Sun , Hongfei Ye , Kunchi Li , Xuemin Lin

In the past year, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in tasks such as visual question answering, visual understanding and reasoning. However, the extensive model size and high training and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yizhang Jin , Jian Li , Yexin Liu , Tianjun Gu , Kai Wu , Zhengkai Jiang , Muyang He , Bo Zhao , Xin Tan , Zhenye Gan , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang , Lizhuang Ma

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with limited data poses a practical challenge in low-resource languages, specialized domains, and constrained deployment settings. While pre-trained LLMs provide strong foundations, effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Marton Szep , Daniel Rueckert , Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe , Florian Hinterwimmer