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We study the reachability problem for continuous one-counter automata, COCA for short. In such automata, transitions are guarded by upper and lower bound tests against the counter value. Additionally, the counter updates associated with…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Michael Blondin , Tim Leys , Filip Mazowiecki , Philip Offtermatt , Guillermo A. Pérez

We consider a general class of decision problems concerning formal languages, called ``(one-dimensional) unboundedness predicates'', for automata that feature reversal-bounded counters (RBCA). We show that each problem in this class reduces…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Pascal Baumann , Flavio D'Alessandro , Moses Ganardi , Oscar Ibarra , Ian McQuillan , Lia Schütze , Georg Zetzsche

Active automata learning in the framework of Angluin's $L^*$ algorithm has been applied to learning many kinds of automata models. In applications to timed models such as timed automata, the main challenge is to determine guards on the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Runqing Xu , Jie An , Bohua Zhan

A central question in the theory of automata is which classes of automata can be minimized in polynomial time. We close the remaining gaps for deterministic and history-deterministic automata over infinite words by proving that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Bader Abu Radi , Rüdiger Ehlers

Learning With Opponent-Learning Awareness (LOLA) (Foerster et al. [2018a]) is a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm that typically learns reciprocity-based cooperation in partially competitive environments. However, LOLA often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Stephen Zhao , Chris Lu , Roger Baker Grosse , Jakob Nicolaus Foerster

We study the computational power of real-time finite automata that have been augmented with a vector of dimension k, and programmed to multiply this vector at each step by an appropriately selected $k \times k$ matrix. Only one entry of the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Özlem Salehi , Abuzer Yakaryılmaz , A. C. Cem Say

Learning finite automata from positive examples has recently gained attention as a powerful approach for understanding, explaining, analyzing, and verifying black-box systems. The motivation for focusing solely on positive examples arises…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Benjamin Bordais , Daniel Neider

Expert demonstrations have proven an easy way to indirectly specify complex tasks. Recent algorithms even support extracting unambiguous formal specifications, e.g. deterministic finite automata (DFA), from demonstrations. Unfortunately,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Marcell Vazquez-Chanlatte , Karim Elmaaroufi , Stefan J. Witwicki , Matei Zaharia , Sanjit A. Seshia

After an apparent hiatus of roughly 30 years, we revisit a seemingly neglected subject in the theory of (one-dimensional) cellular automata: sublinear-time computation. The model considered is that of ACAs, which are language acceptors…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Augusto Modanese

We present a Myhill-Nerode style characterization for languages recognized by one-clock deterministic timed automata (1-DTA). Although there is only one clock, distinct automata may reset it differently along the same word. This adds a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Kyveli Doveri , Pierre Ganty , B. Srivathsan

Extracting finite state automata (FSAs) from black-box models offers a powerful approach to gaining interpretable insights into complex model behaviors. To support this pursuit, we present a weighted variant of Angluin's (1987)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Clemente Pasti , Talu Karagöz , Anej Svete , Franz Nowak , Reda Boumasmoud , Ryan Cotterell

Higher-order cellular automata (HOCA) are a variant of cellular automata (CA) used in many applications (ranging, for instance, from the design of secret sharing schemes to data compression and image processing), and in which the global…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-25 Alberto Dennunzio , Enrico Formenti , Luca Manzoni , Luciano Margara , Antonio E. Porreca

The RPNI algorithm (Oncina, Garcia 1992) constructs deterministic finite automata from finite sets of negative and positive example words. We propose and analyze an extension of this algorithm to deterministic $\omega$-automata with…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-10 León Bohn , Christof Löding

The emergence of intelligence in large language models (LLMs) has inspired investigations into their integration into automata learning. This paper introduces the probabilistic Minimally Adequate Teacher (pMAT) formulation, which leverages…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Lekai Chen , Ashutosh Trivedi , Alvaro Velasquez

A DFA separates two disjoint languages $L_1$ and $L_2$ if it accepts every word in $L_1$ and rejects every word in $L_2$. Algorithms for active learning of small separating DFAs have many applications, e.g., for learning network invariants,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jasper Laumen , Leonne Snel , Frits Vaandrager

We propose and investigate a probabilistic model of sublinear-time one-dimensional cellular automata. In particular, we modify the model of ACA (which are cellular automata that accept if and only if all cells simultaneously accept) so that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Augusto Modanese

The polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis is a problem that can be leveraged using prognostication based learning procedures. Many implementations of PCOS can be seen with Machine Learning but the algorithms have certain limitations in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Raunak Joshi , Abhishek Gupta , Himanshu Soni , Ronald Laban

We investigate the impact of high-order moments on the learning dynamics of an online Independent Component Analysis (ICA) algorithm under a high-dimensional data model composed of a weighted sum of two non-Gaussian random variables. This…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-19 M. Oguzhan Gultekin , Samet Demir , Zafer Dogan

In this paper, we present a categorical approach to learning automata over words, in the sense of the $L^*$-algorithm of Angluin. This yields a new generic $L^*$-like algorithm which can be instantiated for learning deterministic automata,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Thomas Colcombet , Daniela Petrişan , Riccardo Stabile

The problem of k-minimisation for a DFA M is the computation of a smallest DFA N (where the size |M| of a DFA M is the size of the domain of the transition function) such that their recognized languages differ only on words of length less…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-03-01 Paweł Gawrychowski , Artur Jeż , Andreas Maletti