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Federated learning (FL) is an emerging technique that trains massive and geographically distributed edge data while maintaining privacy. However, FL has inherent challenges in terms of fairness and computational efficiency due to the rising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Yingchun Wang , Jingcai Guo , Jie Zhang , Song Guo , Weizhan Zhang , Qinghua Zheng

One of the main challenges of federated learning (FL) is handling non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) client data, which may occur in practice due to unbalanced datasets and use of different data sources across clients.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Peng Wu , Tales Imbiriba , Pau Closas

Federated Learning (FL) deals with learning a central model (i.e. the server) in privacy-constrained scenarios, where data are stored on multiple devices (i.e. the clients). The central model has no direct access to the data, but only to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Debora Caldarola , Massimiliano Mancini , Fabio Galasso , Marco Ciccone , Emanuele Rodolà , Barbara Caputo

Federated learning (FL) is a recently proposed distributed machine learning paradigm dealing with distributed and private data sets. Based on the data partition pattern, FL is often categorized into horizontal, vertical, and hybrid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Xinwei Zhang , Wotao Yin , Mingyi Hong , Tianyi Chen

As Federated Learning (FL) expands, the challenge of non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data becomes critical. Clustered Federated Learning (CFL) addresses this by training multiple specialized models, each representing a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Michael Ben Ali , Omar El-Rifai , Imen Megdiche , André Peninou , Olivier Teste

Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized paradigm that enables a client-server architecture to collaboratively train a global Artificial Intelligence model without sharing raw data, thereby preserving privacy. A key challenge in FL is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Michael Ben Ali , Imen Megdiche , André Peninou , Olivier Teste

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning approach where nodes collaboratively train a global model. As more nodes participate in a round of FL, the effectiveness of individual model updates by nodes also diminishes. In this study, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Akash Dhasade , Anne-Marie Kermarrec , Tuan-Anh Nguyen , Rafael Pires , Martijn de Vos

Knowledge sharing and model personalization are essential components to tackle the non-IID challenge in federated learning (FL). Most existing FL methods focus on two extremes: 1) to learn a shared model to serve all clients with non-IID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Jie Ma , Guodong Long , Tianyi Zhou , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively learn a machine learning model without exchanging their own local data. In this way, the server can exploit the computational power of all clients and train the model on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Song Wang , Xingbo Fu , Kaize Ding , Chen Chen , Huiyuan Chen , Jundong Li

Federated learning (FL) is a promising technique that enables a large amount of edge computing devices to collaboratively train a global learning model. Due to privacy concerns, the raw data on devices could not be available for centralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Miao Yang , Akitanoshou Wong , Hongbin Zhu , Haifeng Wang , Hua Qian

Clustered Federated Learning (CFL) has emerged as a powerful approach for addressing data heterogeneity and ensuring privacy in large distributed IoT environments. By clustering clients and training cluster-specific models, CFL enables…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Sabtain Ahmad , Meerzhan Kanatbekova , Ivona Brandic , Atakan Aral

In this paper, we address the dichotomy between heterogeneous models and simultaneous training in Federated Learning (FL) via a clustering framework. We define a new clustering model for FL based on the (optimal) local models of the users:…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-24 Harshvardhan , Avishek Ghosh , Arya Mazumdar

Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized machine learning while preserving data privacy, making it ideal for sensitive applications where data cannot be shared. While FL has been widely studied in supervised contexts, its application…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Mirko Nardi , Lorenzo Valerio , Andrea Passarella

Driven by the growth of Web-scale decentralized services, Federated Clustering (FC) aims to extract knowledge from heterogeneous clients in an unsupervised manner while preserving the clients' privacy, which has emerged as a significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Shenghong Cai , Zihua Yang , Yang Lu , Mengke Li , Yuzhu Ji , Yiqun Zhang , Yiu-Ming Cheung

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that safeguards privacy by retaining client data on edge devices. However, optimizing FL in practice can be challenging due to the diverse and heterogeneous nature of the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yongxin Guo , Xiaoying Tang , Tao Lin

We address the problem of federated learning (FL) where users are distributed and partitioned into clusters. This setup captures settings where different groups of users have their own objectives (learning tasks) but by aggregating their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-10 Avishek Ghosh , Jichan Chung , Dong Yin , Kannan Ramchandran

Federated Learning (FL) is a setting where multiple parties with distributed data collaborate in training a joint Machine Learning (ML) model while keeping all data local at the parties. Federated clustering is an area of research within FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Morris Stallmann , Anna Wilbik

Clustered federated learning (CFL) addresses the performance challenges posed by data heterogeneity in federated learning (FL) by organizing edge devices with similar data distributions into clusters, enabling collaborative model training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Yuxin Zhang , Haoyu Chen , Zheng Lin , Zhe Chen , Jin Zhao

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm in which many clients cooperatively train a single centralized model while keeping their data private and decentralized. FL is commonly used in edge computing, which involves placing…

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm that allows to accomplish model training without aggregating data at a central server. Most studies on FL consider a centralized framework, in which a single server is endowed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Bin Wang , Jun Fang , Hongbin Li , Xiaojun Yuan , Qing Ling