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We construct a new subsystem code in three dimensions that exhibits single-shot error correction in a user-friendly and transparent way. As this code is a subsystem version of coupled toric codes, we call it the intertwined toric code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-29 Charles Stahl

Quantum error correction (QEC) is critical for scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. Topological codes, such as the toric code, offer hardware-efficient architectures but their Tanner graphs contain many girth-4 cycles that degrade the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Luca Menti , Francisco Lázaro

Kitaev's toric code is one of the most prominent models for fault-tolerant quantum computation, currently regarded as the leading solution for connectivity constrained quantum technologies. Significant effort has been recently devoted to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Julien du Crest , Mehdi Mhalla , Valentin Savin

We study the Twisted Kitaev Quantum Double model within the framework of Local Topological Order (LTO). We extend its definition to arbitrary 2D lattices, enabling an explicit characterization of the ground state space through the invariant…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2025-02-26 Shawn X. Cui , César Galindo , Diego Romero

The Kitaev honeycomb model is an approximate topological quantum error correcting code in the same phase as the toric code, but requiring only a 2-body Hamiltonian. As a frustrated spin model, it is well outside the commuting models of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-01 Yi-Chan Lee , Courtney Brell , Steven T. Flammia

A fundamental problem in fault-tolerant quantum computation is the tradeoff between universality and dimensionality, exemplified by the the Bravyi-K\"onig bound for $n$-dimensional topological stabilizer codes. In this work, we extend…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Ryohei Kobayashi , Guanyu Zhu , Po-Shen Hsin

We analyze surface codes, the topological quantum error-correcting codes introduced by Kitaev. In these codes, qubits are arranged in a two-dimensional array on a surface of nontrivial topology, and encoded quantum operations are associated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Eric Dennis , Alexei Kitaev , Andrew Landahl , John Preskill

The Turaev-Viro invariant for a closed 3-manifold is defined as the contraction of a certain tensor network. The tensors correspond to tetrahedra in a triangulation of the manifold, with values determined by a fixed spherical category. For…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-22 Robert Koenig , Greg Kuperberg , Ben W. Reichardt

Toric codes are obtained by evaluating rational functions of a nonsingular toric variety at the algebraic torus. One can extend toric codes to the so called generalized toric codes. This extension consists on evaluating elements of an…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-02-25 Diego Ruano

Quantum error correction is indispensable to achieving reliable quantum computation. When quantum information is encoded redundantly, a larger Hilbert space is constructed using multiple physical qubits, and the computation is performed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-29 Hoshitaro Ohnishi , Hideo Mukai

We consider a two-dimensional quantum memory of qubits on a torus which encode the extended Fibonaccistring-net code, and devise strategies for error correction when those qubits are subjected to depolarizing noise.Building on the concept…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-12 Alexis Schotte , Guanyu Zhu , Lander Burgelman , Frank Verstraete

We numerically study the effects of two forms of quenched disorder on the anyons of the toric code. Firstly, a new class of codes based on random lattices of stabilizer operators is presented, and shown to be superior to the standard square…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 Beat Röthlisberger , James R. Wootton , Robert M. Heath , Jiannis K. Pachos , Daniel Loss

Kitaev's toric code is an exactly solvable model with $\mathbb{Z}_2$-topological order, which has potential applications in quantum computation and error correction. However, a direct experimental realization remains an open challenge.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-23 Lukas Homeier , Christian Schweizer , Monika Aidelsburger , Arkady Fedorov , Fabian Grusdt

Cyclic codes and their various generalizations, such as quasi-twisted (QT) codes, have a special place in algebraic coding theory. Among other things, many of the best-known or optimal codes have been obtained from these classes. In this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-05 Nuh Aydin , Ajdin Halilovic

Decoding stabilizer codes such as the surface and toric codes involves evaluating free-energy differences in a disordered statistical mechanics model, in which the randomness comes from the observed pattern of error syndromes. We study the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-20 Hongkun Chen , Daohong Xu , Grace M. Sommers , David A. Huse , Jeff D. Thompson , Sarang Gopalakrishnan

We introduce a new topological quantum code, the three-dimensional subsystem toric code (3D STC), which is a generalization of the stabilizer toric code. The 3D STC can be realized by measuring geometrically-local parity checks of weight at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-24 Aleksander Kubica , Michael Vasmer

Surface codes have historically been the dominant choice for quantum error correction due to their superior error threshold performance. However, recently, a new class of Generalized Bicycle (GB) codes, constructed from binary circulant…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-30 François Arnault , Philippe Gaborit , Nicolas Saussay

The two-dimensional color code is an alternative to the toric code that encodes more logical qubits while maintaining crucial features of the $\mathbb{Z}_2\times\mathbb{Z}_2$ toric code in the long wavelength limit. However its short range…

The discovery of topological order has revolutionized the understanding of quantum matter in modern physics and provided the theoretical foundation for many quantum error correcting codes. Realizing topologically ordered states has proven…

The discovery of new quantum error-correcting codes that encode several logical qubits into relatively few physical qubits motivates the development of efficient and accurate methods of decoding these systems. Here, we adopt the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Kaavya Sahay , Dominic J. Williamson , Benjamin J. Brown