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Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced artificial intelligence by optimizing traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) workflows, facilitating their integration into various systems. Many such NLP systems, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Jiliang Ni , Jiachen Pu , Zhongyi Yang , Kun Zhou , Hui Wang , Xiaoliang Xiao , Dakui Wang , Xin Li , Jingfeng Luo , Conggang Hu

Computation in a typical Transformer-based large language model (LLM) can be characterized by batch size, hidden dimension, number of layers, and sequence length. Until now, system works for accelerating LLM training have focused on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Sam Ade Jacobs , Masahiro Tanaka , Chengming Zhang , Minjia Zhang , Shuaiwen Leon Song , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in understanding and generating human language, but efficient inference on resource-constrained embedded devices remains challenging due to large model sizes and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Weihong Xu , Haein Choi , Po-kai Hsu , Shimeng Yu , Tajana Rosing

The advent of the Transformer architecture has propelled the growth of natural language processing (NLP) models, leading to remarkable achievements in numerous NLP tasks. Yet, the absence of specialized hardware like expansive GPU memory…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Xiaofeng Wu , Jia Rao , Wei Chen

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3, OPT, and LLaMA have demonstrated remarkable accuracy in a wide range of tasks. However, training these models can incur significant expenses, often requiring tens of thousands of GPUs for months…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Fei Yang , Shuang Peng , Ning Sun , Fangyu Wang , Yuanyuan Wang , Fu Wu , Jiezhong Qiu , Aimin Pan

Augmented Large Language Models (LLMs) enhance the capabilities of standalone LLMs by integrating external data sources through API calls. In interactive LLM applications, efficient scheduling is crucial for maintaining low request…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Rana Shahout , Cong Liang , Shiji Xin , Qianru Lao , Yong Cui , Minlan Yu , Michael Mitzenmacher

The auto-regressive decoding of Large Language Models (LLMs) results in significant overheads in their hardware performance. While recent research has investigated various speculative decoding techniques for multi-token generation, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hao Mark Chen , Wayne Luk , Ka Fai Cedric Yiu , Rui Li , Konstantin Mishchenko , Stylianos I. Venieris , Hongxiang Fan

While scaling laws have been continuously validated in large language models (LLMs) with increasing model parameters, the inherent tension between the inference demands of LLMs and the limited resources of edge devices poses a critical…

Communication is a key bottleneck for distributed graph neural network (GNN) training. This paper proposes GNNPipe, a new approach that scales the distributed full-graph deep GNN training. Being the first to use layer-level model…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Jingji Chen , Zhuoming Chen , Xuehai Qian

The rapid growth of large language models (LLMs) has outpaced the evolution of single-GPU hardware, making model scale increasingly constrained by memory capacity rather than computation. While modern training systems extend GPU memory…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhengqing Yuan , Lichao Sun , Yanfang Ye

Recent advancements in large language models have intensified the need for efficient and deployable models within limited inference budgets. Structured pruning pipelines have shown promise in token efficiency compared to training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yixiao Li , Xianzhi Du , Ajay Jaiswal , Tao Lei , Tuo Zhao , Chong Wang , Jianyu Wang

Training large language models requires jointly configuring two interdependent aspects of the system: the global batch size, which governs statistical efficiency, and the 3D parallelism strategy, which governs hardware throughput. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Akhmed Sakip , Erland Hilman Fuadi , Omar Sayedelahl , Zonghang Li , Jianshu She , Alham Fikri Aji , Steve Liu , Eric Xing , Qirong Ho

Large language model (LLM) inference has been a prevalent demand in daily life and industries. The large tensor sizes and computing complexities in LLMs have brought challenges to memory, computing, and databus. This paper proposes a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yimin Wang , Yue Jiet Chong , Xuanyao Fong

The recent huge advance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is mainly driven by the increase in the number of parameters. This has led to substantial memory capacity requirements, necessitating the use of dozens of GPUs just to meet the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Hongsun Jang , Jaeyong Song , Jaewon Jung , Jaeyoung Park , Youngsok Kim , Jinho Lee

Large language models (LLMs) encounter computational challenges during long-sequence inference, especially in the attention pre-filling phase, where the complexity grows quadratically with the prompt length. Previous efforts to mitigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Xunhao Lai , Jianqiao Lu , Yao Luo , Yiyuan Ma , Xun Zhou

Hybrid parallelism underpins large-scale LLM training across tens of thousands of GPUs. At such scale, hardware failures on individual devices lead to performance skew across devices, diminishing overall training efficiency. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tenghui Ma , Jihu Guo , Wei Gao , Sitian Lu , Zhisheng Ye , Hanjing Wang , Dahua Lin

Large language models (LLMs) excel in generating coherent text, but they often struggle with context awareness, leading to inaccuracies in tasks requiring faithful adherence to provided information. We introduce FastMem, a novel method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Junyi Zhu , Shuochen Liu , Yu Yu , Bo Tang , Yibo Yan , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Tong Xu , Matthew B. Blaschko

Long-term memory is essential for natural, realistic dialogue. However, current large language model (LLM) memory systems rely on either brute-force context expansion or static retrieval pipelines that fail on edge-constrained devices. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aneesh Jonelagadda , Christina Hahn , Haoze Zheng , Salvatore Penachio

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) necessitate extensive computational resources, prompting the use of diverse hardware accelerators from multiple vendors. However, traditional distributed training frameworks struggle to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Ding Tang , Jiecheng Zhou , Jiakai Hu , Shengwei Li , Huihuang Zheng , Zhilin Pei , Hui Wang , Xingcheng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) require vast amounts of GPU compute to train, but limited availability and high costs of GPUs make homogeneous clusters impractical for many organizations. Instead, assembling heterogeneous clusters by pooling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Runsheng Benson Guo , Utkarsh Anand , Khuzaima Daudjee , Rathijit Sen
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