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Dense Associative Memories or Modern Hopfield Networks have many appealing properties of associative memory. They can do pattern completion, store a large number of memories, and can be described using a recurrent neural network with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Dmitry Krotov

We present a nonparametric interpretation for deep learning compatible modern Hopfield models and utilize this new perspective to debut efficient variants. Our key contribution stems from interpreting the memory storage and retrieval…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-10 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Bo-Yu Chen , Dennis Wu , Feng Ruan , Han Liu

Dense Associative Memories or modern Hopfield networks permit storage and reliable retrieval of an exponentially large (in the dimension of feature space) number of memories. At the same time, their naive implementation is non-biological,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-29 Dmitry Krotov , John Hopfield

At this moment, databanks worldwide contain brain images of previously unimaginable numbers. Combined with developments in data science, these massive data provide the potential to better understand the genetic underpinnings of brain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-30 Santiago Silva , Boris Gutman , Eduardo Romero , Paul M Thompson , Andre Altmann , Marco Lorenzi

Personality detection from text aims to infer an individual's personality traits based on linguistic patterns. However, existing machine learning approaches often struggle to capture contextual information spanning multiple posts and tend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Guanming Chen , Lingzhi Shen , Xiaohao Cai , Imran Razzak , Shoaib Jameel

The standard model of memory consolidation foresees that memories are initially recorded in the hippocampus, while features that capture higher-level generalisations of data are created in the cortex, where they are stored for a possibly…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-06-20 Alessandro Fontana

Associative memories in the brain receive and store patterns of activity registered by the sensory neurons, and are able to retrieve them when necessary. Due to their importance in human intelligence, computational models of associative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Yujian Hong , Simon Frieder , Lei Sha , Zhenghua Xu , Rafal Bogacz , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Deep neural networks have shown the ability to extract universal feature representations from data such as images and text that have been useful for a variety of learning tasks. However, the fruits of representation learning have yet to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Liam Collins , Hamed Hassani , Aryan Mokhtari , Sanjay Shakkottai

Associative Memories like the famous Hopfield Networks are elegant models for describing fully recurrent neural networks whose fundamental job is to store and retrieve information. In the past few years they experienced a surge of interest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Dmitry Krotov , Benjamin Hoover , Parikshit Ram , Bao Pham

Associative memory models are content-addressable memory systems fundamental to biological intelligence and are notable for their high interpretability. However, existing models evaluate the quality of retrieval based on proximity, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Shurong Wang , Yuqi Pan , Zhuoyang Shen , Meng Zhang , Hongwei Wang , Guoqi Li

Many visual scenes can be described as compositions of latent factors. Effective recognition, reasoning, and editing often require not only forming such compositional representations, but also solving the decomposition problem. One popular…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Calvin Yeung , Ali Zakeri , Zhuowen Zou , Mohsen Imani

Traditional joint source-channel coding employs static learned semantic representations that cannot dynamically adapt to evolving source distributions. Shared semantic memories between transmitter and receiver can potentially enable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-14 Karim Nasreddine , Christo Kurisummoottil Thomas , Walid Saad

We present a Hopfield-like autoassociative network for memories representing examples of concepts. Each memory is encoded by two activity patterns with complementary properties. The first is dense and correlated across examples within…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-28 Louis Kang , Taro Toyoizumi

This article delves into the Hopfield neural network model, drawing inspiration from biological neural systems. The exploration begins with an overview of the model's foundations, incorporating insights from mechanical statistics to deepen…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-10-29 Matteo Silvestri

Content-addressable memories such as Modern Hopfield Networks (MHN) have been studied as mathematical models of auto-association and storage/retrieval in the human declarative memory, yet their practical use for large-scale content storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Satyananda Kashyap , Niharika S. D'Souza , Luyao Shi , Ken C. L. Wong , Hongzhi Wang , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

The Hopfield model provides a mathematically idealized yet insightful framework for understanding the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval in the human brain. This model has inspired four decades of extensive research on learning and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-14 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Francesco Bullo , Sandro Zampieri

Applying network science approaches to investigate the functions and anatomy of the human brain is prevalent in modern medical imaging analysis. Due to the complex network topology, for an individual brain, mining a discriminative network…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Wen Zhang , Liang Zhan , Paul Thompson , Yalin Wang

Uncovering the mechanisms behind long-term memory is one of the most fascinating open problems in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Artificial associative memory networks have been used to formalize important aspects of biological…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-20 Luca Ambrogioni

The hippocampus plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of many neurological disorders. Recent years, deep learning technology has made great progress in the field of medical image segmentation, and the performance of related…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Heyu Huang , Runmin Cong , Lianhe Yang , Ling Du , Cong Wang , Sam Kwong

The study of brain states, ranging from highly synchronous to asynchronous neuronal patterns like the sleep-wake cycle, is fundamental for assessing the brain's spatiotemporal dynamics and their close connection to behavior. However, the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-13 Arnau Marin-Llobet , Arnau Manasanch , Maria V. Sanchez-Vives
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