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This study examines the predictability of artificial intelligence (AI) models for weather prediction. Using a simple deep-learning architecture based on convolutional long short-term memory and the ERA5 data for training, we show that…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-10-07 Chanh Kieu

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather prediction (AIWP) models are powerful tools for medium-range forecasts but often lack physical consistency, leading to outputs that violate conservation laws. This study introduces a set of novel…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Yingkai Sha , John S. Schreck , William Chapman , David John Gagne

Many important questions about a model cannot be answered just by explaining how much each feature contributes to its output. To answer a broader set of questions, we generalize a popular, mathematically well-grounded explanation technique,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Dillon Bowen , Lyle Ungar

Physics-based climate projections using general circulation models are essential for assessing future risks, but their coarse resolution limits regional decision-making. Statistical downscaling can efficiently add detail, yet many methods…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Takuro Kutsuna , Noriko N. Ishizaki , Norihiro Oyama , Hiroaki Yoshida

Time series forecasting is one of the challenging problems for humankind. Traditional forecasting methods using mean regression models have severe shortcomings in reflecting real-world fluctuations. While new probabilistic methods rush to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Alireza Koochali , Peter Schichtel , Sheraz Ahmed , Andreas Dengel

Subseasonal forecasting of the weather two to six weeks in advance is critical for resource allocation and advance disaster notice but poses many challenges for the forecasting community. At this forecast horizon, physics-based dynamical…

Weather forecasting is fundamentally challenged by the chaotic nature of the atmosphere, necessitating probabilistic approaches to quantify uncertainty. While traditional ensemble prediction (EPS) addresses this through computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xinlei Xiong , Wenbo Hu , Shuxun Zhou , Kaifeng Bi , Lingxi Xie , Ying Liu , Richang Hong , Qi Tian

In this paper, we investigate meta-learning for combining forecasts generated by models of different types. While typical approaches for combining forecasts involve simple averaging, machine learning techniques enable more sophisticated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Grzegorz Dudek

This paper investigates a generation expansion planning (GEP) problem encompassing renewable, thermal, and storage technologies while simultaneously optimizing market participation, operational expenditures, and capital investment. To…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Jakub Rybka , Luca Santosuosso , Thomas Klatzer , Sonja Wogrin

Deep learning offers promising capabilities for the statistical downscaling of climate and weather forecasts, with generative approaches showing particular success in capturing fine-scale precipitation patterns. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Paula Harder , Christian Lessig , Matthew Chantry , Francis Pelletier , David Rolnick

Climate change is a result of a complex system of interactions of greenhouse gases (GHG), the ocean, land, ice, and clouds. Large climate change models use several computers and solve several equations to predict the future climate. The…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2020-04-21 Shalin Shah

This paper proposes probabilistic conformal prediction (PCP), a predictive inference algorithm that estimates a target variable by a discontinuous predictive set. Given inputs, PCP construct the predictive set based on random samples from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Zhendong Wang , Ruijiang Gao , Mingzhang Yin , Mingyuan Zhou , David M. Blei

In this paper we discuss and address the challenges of predicting extreme atmospheric events like intense rainfall, hail, and strong winds. These events can cause significant damage and have become more frequent due to climate change.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-10-06 Mikhail Mozikov , Ilya Makarov , Alexandr Bulkin , Daria Taniushkina , Roland Grinis , Yury Maximov

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather models are improving rapidly, and their forecasts are already competitive with long-established traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). To build confidence in this new methodology, it is critical…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Kirsten I. Tempest , Matthias Beylich , George C. Craig

Precipitation prediction has undergone a profound transformation. A notable limitation of traditional NWP is the need for extensive statistical post-processing. To address this challenge, neural network-based approaches were developed.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yugong Zeng , Jiayuan Wang , Jonathan Wu

Global warming leads to the increase in frequency and intensity of climate extremes that cause tremendous loss of lives and property. Accurate long-range climate prediction allows more time for preparation and disaster risk management for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Ken C. L. Wong , Hongzhi Wang , Etienne E. Vos , Bianca Zadrozny , Campbell D. Watson , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

Soil moisture conditions can influence the evolution of a tropical cyclone (TC) that is partially or completely over land. Hence, better constraining soil moisture initial conditions in a numerical weather prediction model can potentially…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-08-01 Jana Kolassa , Manisha Ganeshan , Erica McGrath-Spangler , Oreste Reale , Rolf Reichle , Sara Q. Zhang

Generative Adversarial Networks have become one of the most studied frameworks for unsupervised learning due to their intuitive formulation. They have also been shown to be capable of generating convincing examples in limited domains, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-14 Daniel Jiwoong Im , He Ma , Chris Dongjoo Kim , Graham Taylor

Environmental modeling faces critical challenges in predicting ecosystem dynamics across unmonitored regions due to limited and geographically imbalanced observation data. This challenge is compounded by spatial heterogeneity, causing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shiyuan Luo , Chonghao Qiu , Runlong Yu , Yiqun Xie , Xiaowei Jia

The success of deep learning techniques over the last decades has opened up a new avenue of research for weather forecasting. Here, we take the novel approach of using a neural network to predict full probability density functions at each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-05 Mariana Clare , Omar Jamil , Cyril Morcrette