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Recent studies show that the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) can be improved by applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) to question-answering (QA) tasks in areas such as math and coding. With a long context length, LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Stephen Chung , Wenyu Du , Jie Fu

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) offers promising new approaches for recommendation system tasks. While the current state-of-the-art methods rely on fine-tuning LLMs to achieve optimal results, this process is costly and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Dong-Ho Lee , Adam Kraft , Long Jin , Nikhil Mehta , Taibai Xu , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Xinyang Yi

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) has emerged as one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of large language models (LLMs) in downstream tasks. However, SFT can have difficulty generalizing when the underlying data distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Mrinal Rawat , Arkajyoti Chakraborty , Neha Gupta , Roberto Pieraccini

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown strong results on multi-turn tool-use tasks, yet they operate in isolation during training, failing to leverage experiences accumulated across episodes. Existing experience-augmented methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Prince Zizhuang Wang , Shuli Jiang

Enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), particularly for complex tasks requiring multi-step logical deductions, remains a significant challenge. Traditional inference time scaling methods utilize scalar reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Yansi Li , Jiahao Xu , Tian Liang , Xingyu Chen , Zhiwei He , Qiuzhi Liu , Rui Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

The autonomous decision-making process, which is increasingly applied to computer systems, requires that the choices made by these systems align with human values. In this context, systems must assess how well their decisions reflect human…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Eduardo de la Cruz Fernández , Marcelo Karanik , Sascha Ossowski

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

Despite their outstanding capabilities, large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucination and producing factually incorrect information. This challenge has spurred efforts in attributed text generation, which prompts LLMs to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Junyi Li , Hwee Tou Ng

Large language models (LLMs) demand considerable computational, energy, and financial resources during both training and deployment. While scaling laws for training have guided much of the field's recent progress, inference costs now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Austin R. Ellis-Mohr , Anuj K. Nayak , Lav R. Varshney

Reward design is a key component of deep reinforcement learning, yet some tasks and designer's objectives may be unnatural to define as a scalar cost function. Among the various techniques, formal methods integrated with DRL have garnered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jiangwei Wang , Shuo Yang , Ziyan An , Songyang Han , Zhili Zhang , Rahul Mangharam , Meiyi Ma , Fei Miao

Recent studies explored integrating state-space search algorithms with Language Models (LM) to perform look-ahead on the token generation process, the ''Tree-of-Thoughts'' (ToT), generated by LMs, thereby improving performance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Sumedh Pendurkar , Guni Sharon

Recent language models achieve impressive results in tasks involving complex multistep reasoning, but scaling these capabilities further traditionally requires expensive collection of more annotated data. In this work, we explore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Marek Kadlčík , Michal Štefánik

Large language model (LLM) based multi-turn dialogue systems often struggle to track dependencies across non-adjacent turns, undermining both consistency and scalability. As conversations lengthen, essential information becomes sparse and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Renning Pang , Tian Lan , Leyuan Liu , Xiaoming Huang , Piao Tong , Xiaosong Zhang

Natural language is an intuitive way for humans to communicate tasks to a robot. While natural language (NL) is ambiguous, real world tasks and their safety requirements need to be communicated unambiguously. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Sara Mohammadinejad , Jesse Thomason , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Self-Rewarding Language Models (SRLMs) achieve notable success in iteratively improving alignment without external feedback. Yet, despite their striking empirical progress, the core mechanisms driving their capabilities remain unelucidated,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Shi Fu , Yingjie Wang , Shengchao Hu , Peng Wang , Dacheng Tao

Grounded claim factuality checking is important for large language model (LLM) applications such as retrieval-augmented generation, as it helps users assess the correctness of generated outputs. Existing metrics using entailment classifiers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, leveraging additional computational resources at inference time to enhance model performance. In this work, we introduce R2-LLMs, a novel and versatile hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Alex ZH Dou , Zhongwei Wan , Dongfei Cui , Xin Wang , Jing Xiong , Haokun Lin , Chaofan Tao , Shen Yan , Mi Zhang

Recent supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approaches have significantly improved language models' performance on mathematical reasoning tasks, even when models are trained at a small scale. However, the specific capabilities enhanced through such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Yiyou Sun , Georgia Zhou , Haoyue Bai , Hao Wang , Dacheng Li , Nouha Dziri , Dawn Song

Guiding large language models with a selected set of human-authored demonstrations is a common practice for improving LLM applications. However, human effort can be costly, especially in specialized domains (e.g., clinical diagnosis), and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Kai Tzu-iunn Ong , Taeyoon Kwon , Jinyoung Yeo

Large language models (LLMs) are typically trained by reinforcement learning (RL) with verifiable rewards (RLVR) and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on reasoning traces to improve their reasoning abilities. However, how these methods shape…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kohsei Matsutani , Shota Takashiro , Gouki Minegishi , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo