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Related papers: (How) Do Language Models Track State?

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Over the last years, state-tracking tasks, particularly permutation composition, have become a testbed to understand the limits of sequence models architectures like Transformers and RNNs (linear and non-linear). However, these are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Julien Siems , Riccardo Grazzi , Kirill Kalinin , Hitesh Ballani , Babak Rahmani

Entity tracking (ET), the ability to keep track of states, is a fundamental skill that underlies complex reasoning. An increasing amount of work investigates how transformer language models (LMs) solve entity binding $\textit{without}$…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zilu Tang , Qiao Zhao , Gabriel Franco , Derry Wijaya , Aaron Mueller , Sebastian Schuster , Najoung Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in solving complex tasks, including those requiring a certain level of reasoning. In this paper, we focus on state tracking, a problem where models need to keep track of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Kiamehr Rezaee , Jose Camacho-Collados , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar

Language models (LMs) often generate incoherent outputs: they refer to events and entity states that are incompatible with the state of the world described in their inputs. We introduce SituationSupervision, a family of approaches for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Belinda Z. Li , Maxwell Nye , Jacob Andreas

Keeping track of how states of entities change as a text or dialog unfolds is a key prerequisite to discourse understanding. Yet, there have been few systematic investigations into the ability of large language models (LLMs) to track…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Najoung Kim , Sebastian Schuster

Language is typically modelled with discrete sequences. However, the most successful approaches to language modelling, namely neural networks, are continuous and smooth function approximators. In this work, we show that Transformer-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Samuele Marro , Davide Evangelista , X. Angelo Huang , Emanuele La Malfa , Michele Lombardi , Michael Wooldridge

We present evidence that language models (LMs) of code can learn to represent the formal semantics of programs, despite being trained only to perform next-token prediction. Specifically, we train a Transformer model on a synthetic corpus of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Charles Jin , Martin Rinard

Transformer language models have made tremendous strides in natural language understanding tasks. However, the complexity of natural language makes it challenging to ascertain how accurately these models are tracking the world state…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Shubham Toshniwal , Sam Wiseman , Karen Livescu , Kevin Gimpel

Even though large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capability in solving various natural language tasks, the capability of an LLM to follow human instructions is still a concern. Recent works have shown great improvements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xinbo Wu , Lav R. Varshney

Linguistic representation learning in deep neural language models (LMs) has been studied for decades, for both practical and theoretical reasons. However, finding representations in LMs remains an unsolved problem, in part due to a dilemma…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Joshua Rozner , Cory Shain

Learning from demonstrations is a common way for users to teach robots, but it is prone to spurious feature correlations. Recent work constructs state abstractions, i.e. visual representations containing task-relevant features, from…

Modeling the parser state is key to good performance in transition-based parsing. Recurrent Neural Networks considerably improved the performance of transition-based systems by modelling the global state, e.g. stack-LSTM parsers, or local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Ramon Fernandez Astudillo , Miguel Ballesteros , Tahira Naseem , Austin Blodgett , Radu Florian

We investigate the extent to which modern, neural language models are susceptible to structural priming, the phenomenon whereby the structure of a sentence makes the same structure more probable in a follow-up sentence. We explore how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Arabella Sinclair , Jaap Jumelet , Willem Zuidema , Raquel Fernández

Transformer-based language models (LMs) continue to advance state-of-the-art performance on NLP benchmark tasks, including tasks designed to mimic human-inspired "commonsense" competencies. To better understand the degree to which LMs can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Antonio Laverghetta , Animesh Nighojkar , Jamshidbek Mirzakhalov , John Licato

Language models (LMs) automatically learn word embeddings during pre-training on language corpora. Although word embeddings are usually interpreted as feature vectors for individual words, their roles in language model generation remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Chi Han , Jialiang Xu , Manling Li , Yi Fung , Chenkai Sun , Nan Jiang , Tarek Abdelzaher , Heng Ji

This paper investigates models of event implications. Specifically, how well models predict entity state-changes, by targeting their understanding of physical attributes. Nominally, Large Language models (LLM) have been exposed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Artidoro Pagnoni , Yonatan Bisk , Eduard Hovy

Pre-training language models (LMs) on large-scale unlabeled text data makes the model much easier to achieve exceptional downstream performance than their counterparts directly trained on the downstream tasks. In this work, we study what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Cheng-Han Chiang , Hung-yi Lee

Motion prediction and planning are vital tasks in autonomous driving, and recent efforts have shifted to machine learning-based approaches. The challenges include understanding diverse road topologies, reasoning traffic dynamics over a long…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Qiao Sun , Shiduo Zhang , Danjiao Ma , Jingzhe Shi , Derun Li , Simian Luo , Yu Wang , Ningyi Xu , Guangzhi Cao , Hang Zhao

Transformers have proven highly effective across various applications, especially in handling sequential data such as natural languages and time series. However, transformer models often lack clear interpretability, and the success of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Wei Shi , Yuan Cao

Human languages have evolved to be structured through repeated language learning and use. These processes introduce biases that operate during language acquisition and shape linguistic systems toward communicative efficiency. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Tom Kouwenhoven , Max Peeperkorn , Tessa Verhoef
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