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The race to train language models on vast, diverse, and inconsistently documented datasets has raised pressing concerns about the legal and ethical risks for practitioners. To remedy these practices threatening data transparency and…

Hidden license conflicts in the open-source AI ecosystem pose serious legal and ethical risks, exposing organizations to potential litigation and users to undisclosed risk. However, the field lacks a data-driven understanding of how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 James Jewitt , Hao Li , Bram Adams , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Ahmed E. Hassan

Dataset license compliance is a critical yet complex aspect of developing commercial AI products, particularly with the increasing use of publicly available datasets. Ambiguities in dataset licenses pose significant legal risks, making it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jingwen Tan , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Zi Li , Xiangfu Song , Jianshan Lin , Dan Li , Zibin Zheng , Ahmed E. Hassan

Publicly available datasets are one of the key drivers for commercial AI software. The use of publicly available datasets is governed by dataset licenses. These dataset licenses outline the rights one is entitled to on a given dataset and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Erika Tuck , Li Zi , Dayi Lin , Boyuan Chen , Zhen Ming , Jiang , Daniel M. German

Ensuring the safety and compliance of large language models (LLMs) is of paramount importance. However, existing LLM safety datasets often rely on ad-hoc taxonomies for data generation and suffer from a significant shortage of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenbin Hu , Huihao Jing , Haochen Shi , Changxuan Fan , Haoran Li , Yangqiu Song

Foundation models have had a transformative impact on AI. A combination of large investments in research and development, growing sources of digital data for training, and architectures that scale with data and compute has led to models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Daniel McDuff , Tim Korjakow , Kevin Klyman , Danish Contractor

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made its way into various scientific fields, providing astonishing improvements over existing algorithms for a wide variety of tasks. In recent years, there have been severe concerns over the trustworthiness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Surbhi Mittal , Kartik Thakral , Richa Singh , Mayank Vatsa , Tamar Glaser , Cristian Canton Ferrer , Tal Hassner

Permissive licenses like MIT, Apache-2.0, and BSD-3-Clause dominate open-source AI, signaling that artifacts like models, datasets, and code can be freely used, modified, and redistributed. However, these licenses carry mandatory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 James Jewitt , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Hao Li , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in various fields requires solid concepts to ensure compliance with upcoming legislation. This paper systematically examines the compliance of AI systems with relevant…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Julius Schöning , Niklas Kruse

Many AI companies are training their large language models (LLMs) on data without the permission of the copyright owners. The permissibility of doing so varies by jurisdiction: in countries like the EU and Japan, this is allowed under…

Generative AI coding assistants (ACAs) are widely adopted yet pose serious legal and compliance risks. ACAs can generate code governed by restrictive open-source licenses (e.g., GPL), potentially exposing companies to litigation or forced…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Pratyush Nidhi Sharma , Lauren Wright , Anne Herfurth , Munsif Sokiyna , Pratyaksh Nidhi Sharma , Sethu Das , Mikko Siponen

Data-centric AI calls for better, not just bigger, datasets. As data protection laws with extra-territorial reach proliferate worldwide, ensuring datasets are legal is an increasingly crucial yet overlooked component of ``better''. To help…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Jerrold Soh

As research and industry moves towards large-scale models capable of numerous downstream tasks, the complexity of understanding multi-modal datasets that give nuance to models rapidly increases. A clear and thorough understanding of a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Mahima Pushkarna , Andrew Zaldivar , Oddur Kjartansson

Dataset integrity is fundamental to the safety and reliability of AI systems, especially in autonomous driving. This paper presents a structured framework for developing safe datasets aligned with ISO/PAS 8800 guidelines. Using AI-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Alireza Abbaspour , Tejaskumar Balgonda Patil , B Ravi Kiran , Russel Mohr , Senthil Yogamani

Datasets sourced from people with disabilities and older adults play an important role in innovation, benchmarking, and mitigating bias for both assistive and inclusive AI-infused applications. However, they are scarce. We conduct a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Rie Kamikubo , Utkarsh Dwivedi , Hernisa Kacorri

With the growing reliance on artificial intelligence (AI) for many different applications, the sharing of code, data, and models is important to ensure the replicability and democratization of scientific knowledge. Many high-profile…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Danish Contractor , Daniel McDuff , Julia Haines , Jenny Lee , Christopher Hines , Brent Hecht , Nicholas Vincent , Hanlin Li

Datasets play a key role in imparting advanced capabilities to artificial intelligence (AI) foundation models that can be adapted to various downstream tasks. These downstream applications can introduce both beneficial and harmful…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Srija Chakraborty

Given the huge volume of cross-border flows, effective and efficient control of trade becomes more crucial in protecting people and society from illicit trade. However, limited accessibility of the transaction-level trade datasets hinders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Chaeyoon Jeong , Sundong Kim , Jaewoo Park , Yeonsoo Choi

The proliferation of open source software (OSS) and different types of reuse has made it incredibly difficult to perform an essential legal and compliance task of accurate license identification within the software supply chain. This study…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Mahmoud Jahanshahi , David Reid , Adam McDaniel , Audris Mockus

Does the training of large language models potentially infringe upon code licenses? Furthermore, are there any datasets available that can be safely used for training these models without violating such licenses? In our study, we assess the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Jonathan Katzy , Răzvan-Mihai Popescu , Arie van Deursen , Maliheh Izadi
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