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Most quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols can be classified as either a discrete-variable (DV) protocol or continuous-variable (CV) protocol, based on how classical information is being encoded. We propose a protocol that combines the…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era. While discrete-variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols were historically the first to demonstrate secure key exchange, continuous-variable QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Mobin Motaharifar , Mahmood Hasani , Hassan Kaatuzian

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is a developing method to secure information exchange in future quantum networks. With the recent developments in quantum technology and greater access to space, a global quantum network…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) schemes are key exchange protocols based on the physical properties of quantum channels. They avoid the computational-hardness assumptions that underlie the security of classical key exchange.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-19 Arpan Akash Ray , Boris Skoric

The continuous-variable version of quantum key distribution (QKD) offers the advantages (over discrete-variable systems) of higher secret key rates in metropolitan areas as well as the use of standard telecom components that can operate at…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) holds the potential to establish secure keys over long distances. The distance of point-to-point QKD secure key distribution is primarily impeded by the transmission loss inherent to the channel. In the quest…

We propose a long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) with four-state protocol using non-Gaussian state-discrimination detection. A photon subtraction operation, which is deployed at the transmitter, is used for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-23 Qin Liao , Ying Guo , Duang Huang , Peng Huang , Guihua Zeng

The four-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) protocol has a long practical secure distance \cite{Leverrier_PRL_2009}, while it has the difficulty of parameter estimation. We propose an improved four-state protocol,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Jian Yang , Bingjie Xu , Xiang Peng , Hong Guo

Noiseless linear amplifiers (NLAs) provide a powerful tool to achieve long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) in the presence of realistic setups with non unit reconciliation efficiency. We address a NLA-assisted…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Michele N. Notarnicola , Stefano Olivares

Proposed in 1984, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two users to exchange provably secure keys via a potentially insecure quantum channel. Since then, QKD has attracted much attention and significant progress has been made in both…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a cutting-edge communication method that enables secure communication between two parties. Continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) is a promising approach to QKD that has several advantages over traditional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-26 Andres Ruiz-Chamorro , Daniel Cano , Aida Garcia-Callejo , Veronica Fernandez

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for quantum secure communication with the benefit of being close to existing classical coherent communication. In recent years, CV QKD protocols using a discrete number of…

A high-speed Gaussian modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) with a local local oscillator (LLO) is experimentally demonstrated based on pilot-tone-assisted phase compensation. In the proposed scheme, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Heng Wang , Yaodi Pi , Wei Huang , Yang Li , Yun Shao , Jie Yang , Jinlu Liu , Chenlin Zhang , Yichen Zhang , Bingjie Xu

There exist several initiatives worldwide to deploy quantum key distribution (QKD) over existing fibre networks and achieve quantum-safe security at large scales. To understand the overall QKD network performance, it is required to…

A continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) protocol using squeezed states is proposed where the two legitimate partners send Gaussian-modulated squeezed states to an untrusted third party to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-20 Yi-Chen Zhang , Zhengyu Li , Song Yu , Wanyi Gu , Xiang Peng , Hong Guo

Quantum key distribution (QKD offers a long-term solution to establish information-theoretically secure keys between two distant users. In practice, with a careful characterization of quantum sources and the decoy-state method,…

Building scalable and secure quantum networks requires advanced quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that support multi-user connectivity. Continuous-variable (CV) measurement-device-independent (MDI) QKD, which eliminates all detector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-18 Adnan A. E. Hajomer , Ulrik L Andersen , Tobias Gehring

We propose a continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) protocol, in which detection is conducted by an untrusted third party. Our protocol can defend all detector side channels, which seriously…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-13 Zhengyu Li , Yi-Chen Zhang , Feihu Xu , Xiang Peng , Hong Guo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that allows secure key exchange between two distant users. A widespread adoption of QKD requires the development of simple, low-cost, and stable systems. However, implementation of the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-12 Di Ma , Xin Liu , Chunfeng Huang , Huasheng Chen , Huanbin Lin , Kejin Wei

Quantum key distribution (QKD) aims to generate secure private keys shared by two remote parties. With its security being protected by principles of quantum mechanics, some technology challenges remain towards practical application of QKD.…