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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) Radar--Camera fusion improves perception under adverse illumination and weather, but its performance is sensitive to Radar--Camera extrinsic calibration: residual misalignment biases Radar-to-image projection and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuting Wan , Liguo Sun , Jiuwu Hao , Pin LV

4D millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar has been widely adopted in autonomous driving and robot perception due to its low cost and all-weather robustness. However, point-cloud-based radar representations suffer from information loss due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Runwei Guan , Jianan Liu , Shaofeng Liang , Fangqiang Ding , Shanliang Yao , Xiaokai Bai , Daizong Liu , Tao Huang , Guoqiang Mao , Hui Xiong

4D millimeter wave radars (4D radars) are new emerging sensors that provide point clouds of objects with both position and radial velocity measurements. Compared to LiDARs, they are more affordable and reliable sensors for robots'…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xingyi Li , Han Zhang , Ziliang Wang , Yukai Yang , Weidong Chen

Intelligent transportation systems require accurate and reliable sensing. However, adverse environments, such as rain, snow, and fog, can significantly degrade the performance of LiDAR and cameras. In contrast, 4D mmWave radar not only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiangyuan Peng , Miao Tang , Huawei Sun , Kay Bierzynski , Lorenzo Servadei , Robert Wille

Radar perception models are trained with different inputs, from range-Doppler spectra to sparse point clouds. Dense spectra are assumed to outperform sparse point clouds, yet they can vary considerably across sensors and configurations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Hamza Alsharif , Jing Gu , Pavol Jancura , Satish Ravindran , Gijs Dubbelman

4D millimeter-wave (MMW) radar, which provides both height information and dense point cloud data over 3D MMW radar, has become increasingly popular in 3D object detection. In recent years, radar-vision fusion models have demonstrated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Haocheng Zhao , Runwei Guan , Taoyu Wu , Ka Lok Man , Limin Yu , Yutao Yue

Computer vision techniques play a central role in the perception stack of autonomous vehicles. Such methods are employed to perceive the vehicle surroundings given sensor data. 3D LiDAR sensors are commonly used to collect sparse 3D point…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Lucas Nunes , Rodrigo Marcuzzi , Benedikt Mersch , Jens Behley , Cyrill Stachniss

Human body reconstruction with Millimeter Wave (mmWave) radar point clouds has gained significant interest due to its ability to work in adverse environments and its capacity to mitigate privacy concerns associated with traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Jiarui Yang , Songpengcheng Xia , Yifan Song , Qi Wu , Ling Pei

Cooperative perception enables vehicles to share sensor readings and has become a new paradigm to improve driving safety, where the key enabling technology for realizing this vision is to real-time and accurately align and fuse the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zhiqing Luo , Yi Wang , Yingying He , Wei Wang

Reliable perception is essential for autonomous driving systems to operate safely under diverse real-world traffic conditions. However, camera- and LiDAR-based perception systems suffer from performance degradation under adverse weather and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yue Sun , Yeqiang Qian , Zhe Wang , Tianhui Li , Chunxiang Wang , Ming Yang

As driving becomes more automated, vehicles are being equipped with more sensors generating even higher data rates. Radars (RAdio Detection and Ranging) are used for object detection, visual cameras as virtual mirrors, and LIDARs (LIght…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-20 Junil Choi , Vutha Va , Nuria Gonzalez-Prelcic , Robert Daniels , Chandra R. Bhat , Robert W. Heath

4D mmWave radar provides weather-robust, velocity-aware measurements and is more cost-effective than LiDAR. However, radar-only 3D detection still trails LiDAR-based systems because radar point clouds are sparse, irregular, and often…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yichun Xiao , Runwei Guan , Fangqiang Ding

Thanks to the complementary nature of millimeter wave radar and camera, deep learning-based radar-camera 3D object detection methods may reliably produce accurate detections even in low-visibility conditions. This makes them preferable to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Irfan Tito Kurniawan , Bambang Riyanto Trilaksono

Radars, due to their robustness to adverse weather conditions and ability to measure object motions, have served in autonomous driving and intelligent agents for years. However, Radar-based perception suffers from its unintuitive sensing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Liu Liu , Shuaifeng Zhi , Zhenhua Du , Li Liu , Xinyu Zhang , Kai Huo , Weidong Jiang

Lidars and cameras are critical sensors that provide complementary information for 3D detection in autonomous driving. While most prevalent methods progressively downscale the 3D point clouds and camera images and then fuse the high-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Zixuan Yin , Han Sun , Ningzhong Liu , Huiyu Zhou , Jiaquan Shen

LiDAR point clouds have become the most common data source in autonomous driving. However, due to the sparsity of point clouds, accurate and reliable detection cannot be achieved in specific scenarios. Because of their complementarity with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Leichao Cui , Xiuxian Li , Min Meng , Xiaoyu Mo

Human motion sensing plays a crucial role in smart systems for decision-making, user interaction, and personalized services. Extensive research that has been conducted is predominantly based on cameras, whose intrusive nature limits their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Fangqiang Ding , Zhen Luo , Peijun Zhao , Chris Xiaoxuan Lu

While LiDAR sensors have been successfully applied to 3D object detection, the affordability of radar and camera sensors has led to a growing interest in fusing radars and cameras for 3D object detection. However, previous radar-camera…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Jisong Kim , Minjae Seong , Geonho Bang , Dongsuk Kum , Jun Won Choi

Diffusion models (DMs) excel in photo-realistic image synthesis, but their adaptation to LiDAR scene generation poses a substantial hurdle. This is primarily because DMs operating in the point space struggle to preserve the curve-like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Haoxi Ran , Vitor Guizilini , Yue Wang

In recent years, much progress has been made in LiDAR-based 3D object detection mainly due to advances in detector architecture designs and availability of large-scale LiDAR datasets. Existing 3D object detectors tend to perform well on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Eduardo R. Corral-Soto , Alaap Grandhi , Yannis Y. He , Mrigank Rochan , Bingbing Liu