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The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering (SE) has revolutionized tasks like code generation, producing a massive volume of software artifacts. This surge has exposed a critical bottleneck: the lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Junda He , Jieke Shi , Terry Yue Zhuo , Christoph Treude , Jiamou Sun , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaoning Du , David Lo

Large Language Models (LLMs) and other automated techniques have been increasingly used to support software developers by generating software artifacts such as code snippets, patches, and comments. However, accurately assessing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xin Zhou , Kisub Kim , Ting Zhang , Martin Weyssow , Luis F. Gomes , Guang Yang , Kui Liu , Xin Xia , David Lo

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been deployed to tackle various software engineering (SE) tasks like code generation, significantly advancing the automation of SE tasks. However, assessing the quality of these LLM-generated code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ruiqi Wang , Jiyu Guo , Cuiyun Gao , Guodong Fan , Chun Yong Chong , Xin Xia

Traditional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are less effective for assessing outputs from Large Language Models (LLMs) that produce highly creative or superior-quality text, or in situations where reference outputs are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Qian Pan , Zahra Ashktorab , Michael Desmond , Martin Santillan Cooper , James Johnson , Rahul Nair , Elizabeth Daly , Werner Geyer

Assessment and evaluation have long been critical challenges in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP). Traditional methods, usually matching-based or small model-based, often fall short in open-ended and dynamic…

Prompting large language models (LLMs) to evaluate generated text, known as LLM-as-a-judge, has become a standard evaluation approach in natural language generation (NLG), but is primarily used as a quantitative tool, i.e. with numerical…

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving fast and are now frequently used as evaluators, in a process typically referred to as LLM-as-a-Judge, which provides quality assessments of model outputs. However, recent research points out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hugo Silva , Mateus Mendes , Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven their expanding application across various fields. One of the most promising applications is their role as evaluators based on natural language responses, referred to as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Haitao Li , Qian Dong , Junjie Chen , Huixue Su , Yujia Zhou , Qingyao Ai , Ziyi Ye , Yiqun Liu

Accurate and consistent evaluation is crucial for decision-making across numerous fields, yet it remains a challenging task due to inherent subjectivity, variability, and scale. Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success…

Large Language Models have been recently exploited as judges for complex natural language processing tasks, such as Q&A. The basic idea is to delegate to an LLM the assessment of the "quality" of the output provided by an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Giuseppe Crupi , Rosalia Tufano , Alejandro Velasco , Antonio Mastropaolo , Denys Poshyvanyk , Gabriele Bavota

As large language models (LLMs) grow in capability and autonomy, evaluating their outputs-especially in open-ended and complex tasks-has become a critical bottleneck. A new paradigm is emerging: using AI agents as the evaluators themselves.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Fangyi Yu

Offering a promising solution to the scalability challenges associated with human evaluation, the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm is rapidly gaining traction as an approach to evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, there are still many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Aman Singh Thakur , Kartik Choudhary , Venkat Srinik Ramayapally , Sankaran Vaidyanathan , Dieuwke Hupkes

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across healthcare applications, including clinical documentation, diagnostic reasoning, medicine recommendation, and medical education. Their outputs are largely unstructured clinical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lingyao Li , Deyi Li , Chen Chen , Renkai Ma , Runlong Yu , Mingquan Lin , Rui Yin , Lizhou Fan , Cathy Shyr , Siyuan Ma , Mei Liu , Steven Bethard

To reduce the need for human annotations, large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as judges of the quality of other candidate models. The performance of LLM judges is typically evaluated by measuring the correlation with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Andreas Stephan , Dawei Zhu , Matthias Aßenmacher , Xiaoyu Shen , Benjamin Roth

Ensuring that large language models (LLMs) reflect diverse user values and preferences is crucial as their user bases expand globally. It is therefore encouraging to see the growing interest in LLM personalization within the research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yijiang River Dong , Tiancheng Hu , Nigel Collier

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate the quality of LLM generations and responses, but this leads to significant challenges: high API costs, uncertain reliability, inflexible pipelines, and inherent biases. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tzu-Heng Huang , Harit Vishwakarma , Frederic Sala

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in biomedical relation extraction, even in zero-shot scenarios. However, evaluating LLMs in this task remains challenging due to their ability to generate human-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Israt Jahan , Elham Dolatabadi , Chun Peng , Enamul Hoque , Jimmy Huang

Using Large Language Models (LLMs) for relevance assessments offers promising opportunities to improve Information Retrieval (IR), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and related fields. Indeed, LLMs hold the promise of allowing IR…

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang
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