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Generative large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized multiple domains. Modern LLMs predominantly rely on an autoregressive decoding strategy, which generates output tokens sequentially and employs a key-value cache (KV cache) to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ye Yu , Yifan Zhou , Yi Chen , Pedro Soto , Wenjie Xiong , Meng Li

Although LLM inference has emerged as a critical workload for many downstream applications, efficiently inferring LLMs is challenging due to the substantial memory footprint and bandwidth requirements. In parallel, compute capabilities have…

Recent works on compression of large language models (LLM) using quantization considered reparameterizing the architecture such that weights are distributed on the sphere. This demonstratively improves the ability to quantize by increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Tycho F. A. van der Ouderaa , Maximilian L. Croci , Agrin Hilmkil , James Hensman

Reducing the key-value (KV) cache burden in Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly accelerates inference. Dynamically selecting critical KV caches during decoding helps maintain performance. Existing methods use random linear hashing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Wenhao Li , Yuxin Zhang , Gen Luo , Haiyuan Wan , Ziyang Gong , Fei Chao , Rongrong Ji

Large Language Models are increasingly being deployed in datacenters. Serving these models requires careful memory management, as their memory usage includes static weights, dynamic activations, and key-value caches. While static weights…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jiale Xu , Rui Zhang , Yi Xiong , Cong Guo , Zihan Liu , Yangjie Zhou , Weiming Hu , Hao Wu , Changxu Shao , Ziqing Wang , Yongjie Yuan , Junping Zhao , Minyi Guo , Jingwen Leng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been emerging as prominent AI models for solving many natural language tasks due to their high performance (e.g., accuracy) and capabilities in generating high-quality responses to the given inputs.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

Major challenges in LLMs inference remain frequent memory bandwidth bottlenecks, computational redundancy, and inefficiencies in long-sequence processing. To address these issues, we propose LLM-CoOpt, a comprehensive algorithmhardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jie Kong , Wei Wang , Jiehan Zhou , Chen Yu

We propose an architecture, called NVQLink, for connecting high-performance computing (HPC) resources to the control system of a quantum processing unit (QPU) to accelerate workloads necessary to the operation of the QPU. We aim to support…

Vector Quantization (VQ) techniques face significant challenges in codebook utilization, limiting reconstruction fidelity in image modeling. We introduce a Dual Codebook mechanism that effectively addresses this limitation by partitioning…

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown surprising performance in task-specific workloads as well as general tasks with the given prompts. However, to achieve unprecedented performance, recent LLMs use billions to trillions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Geonhwa Jeong , Po-An Tsai , Stephen W. Keckler , Tushar Krishna

The expansion of context windows in large language models (LLMs) to multi-million tokens introduces severe memory and compute bottlenecks, particularly in managing the growing Key-Value (KV) cache. While Compute Express Link (CXL) enables…

Vision Language Models (VLMs) are central to Visual Question Answering (VQA) systems and are typically deployed in the cloud due to their high computational demands. However, this cloud-only approach underutilizes edge computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Xiao Liu , Lijun Zhang , Deepak Ganesan , Hui Guan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing tasks, but their deployment in datacenter environments faces significant challenges due to the massive memory requirements of key-value (KV) caches. During the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is crucial for securing data against emerging quantum threats. However, its algorithms are computationally complex and difficult to implement efficiently on hardware. In this paper, we explore the potential…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yuchao Liao , Tosiron Adegbija , Roman Lysecky

Quantization is a widely-used compression technology to reduce the overhead of serving large language models (LLMs) on terminal devices and in cloud data centers. However, prevalent quantization methods, such as 8-bit weight-activation or…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Lian Liu , Haimeng Ren , Long Cheng , Zhaohui Xu , Yudong Pan , Mengdi Wang , Xiaowei Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Recent advances in generative compression methods have demonstrated remarkable progress in enhancing the perceptual quality of compressed data, especially in scenarios with low bitrates. However, their efficacy and applicability to achieve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Qi Mao , Tinghan Yang , Yinuo Zhang , Zijian Wang , Meng Wang , Shiqi Wang , Siwei Ma

Vector quantization (VQ) transforms continuous image features into discrete representations, providing compressed, tokenized inputs for generative models. However, VQ-based frameworks suffer from several issues, such as non-smooth latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Xing Hu , Qiang Wu , Dawei Yang

KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ji Zhang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Jiayi Shi , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

Large language models demand massive computational power and memory resources, posing significant challenges for efficient deployment. While quantization has been widely explored to reduce model size and computation, this paper demonstrates…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Soroush Ahadi , Mehdi Modarressi , Masoud Daneshtalab

Mixture-of-Experts(MoE) Vision-Language Models (VLMs) offer remarkable performance but incur prohibitive memory and computational costs, making compression essential. Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is an effective training-free technique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Guangshuo Qin , Zhiteng Li , Zheng Chen , Weihang Zhang , Linghe Kong , Yulun Zhang