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Quantization effectively reduces the serving costs of Large Language Models (LLMs) by speeding up data movement through compressed parameters and enabling faster operations via integer arithmetic. However, activating integer arithmetic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Patrik Czakó , Gábor Kertész , Sándor Szénási

Mixture-of-Experts Large Language Models (MoE-LLMs) achieve strong performance but incur substantial memory overhead due to massive expert parameters. Mixed-precision quantization mitigates this cost by allocating expert-wise bit-widths…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jianing Deng , Song Wang , Dongwei Wang , Zijie Liu , Tianlong Chen , Huanrui Yang , Jingtong Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) use key-value (KV) cache to reduce redundant computation in autoregressive generation. However, the KV cache size increases linearly during generation, leading to excessive memory usage, especially for long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jian Yuan , Ziwei He , Haoli Bai , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

Today, large language models have demonstrated their strengths in various tasks ranging from reasoning, code generation, and complex problem solving. However, this advancement comes with a high computational cost and memory requirements,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Meriem Bouzouad , Yuan-Hao Chang , Jalil Boukhobza

Tokenization is a fundamental component of large language models (LLMs), yet its influence on model scaling and performance is not fully explored. In this paper, we introduce Over-Tokenized Transformers, a novel framework that decouples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Hongzhi Huang , Defa Zhu , Banggu Wu , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Qiyang Min , Xun Zhou

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is often constrained by the computational costs of processing massive datasets. We propose \textbf{QLESS} (Quantized Low-rank Gradient Similarity Search), which integrates gradient quantization with…

Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) is costly. However, post-training weight quantization can address this problem by both compressing their sizes for limited memory and saving bandwidth for acceleration. As not all weight dimensions are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yuezhou Hu , Weiyu Huang , Zichen Liang , Chang Chen , Jintao Zhang , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a prevailing technique for deploying large language models (LLMs) efficiently in terms of both memory and computation, across edge devices and server platforms. Existing PTQ methods primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yeonsik Park , Hyeonseong Kim , Seungkyu Choi

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly boosted long-context processing. However, the increasing key-value (KV) cache size poses critical challenges to memory and execution efficiency. Most KV cache compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Xiaolin Lin , Jingcun Wang , Olga Kondrateva , Yiyu Shi , Bing Li , Grace Li Zhang

Despite the success of CNN models on a variety of Image classification and segmentation tasks, their extensive computational and storage demands pose considerable challenges for real-world deployment on resource-constrained devices.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Ahmed Luqman , Khuzemah Qazi , Murray Patterson , Malik Jahan Khan , Imdadullah Khan

In recent years, compression of large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an important problem to enable language model deployment on resource-constrained devices, reduce computational costs, and mitigate the environmental footprint of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Sean I. Young

Network quantization is a powerful technique to compress convolutional neural networks. The quantization granularity determines how to share the scaling factors in weights, which affects the performance of network quantization. Most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Zhihang Yuan , Yiqi Chen , Chenhao Xue , Chenguang Zhang , Qiankun Wang , Guangyu Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer inference-time memory bottlenecks dominated by the attention Key-Value (KV) cache, which scales with model size and context length. While KV-cache quantization alleviates this cost, bit allocation between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohsen Hariri , Alan Luo , Weicong Chen , Shaochen Zhong , Tianyi Zhang , Qifan Wang , Xia Hu , Xiaotian Han , Vipin Chaudhary

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance but incur high deployment costs, motivating extremely low-bit but lossy quantization. Existing quantization algorithms mainly focus on improving the numerical accuracy of forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Yuxuan Li , Pengzhan Li , Wanxiang Che

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been emerging as prominent AI models for solving many natural language tasks due to their high performance (e.g., accuracy) and capabilities in generating high-quality responses to the given inputs.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

Large language models (LLMs) excel at natural language understanding and generation but remain vulnerable to factual errors, limiting their reliability in knowledge-intensive tasks. While decoding-time strategies provide a promising…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jingze Zhu , Yongliang Wu , Wenbo Zhu , Jiawang Cao , Yanqiang Zheng , Jiawei Chen , Xu Yang , Bernt Schiele , Jonas Fischer , Xinting Hu

The impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) come at the cost of substantial computational resources during deployment. While KV Cache can significantly reduce recomputation during inference, it also introduces additional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yi Su , Yuechi Zhou , Quantong Qiu , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

Recent works show we can linearize large language models (LLMs) -- swapping the quadratic attentions of popular Transformer-based LLMs with subquadratic analogs, such as linear attention -- avoiding the expensive pretraining costs. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Michael Zhang , Simran Arora , Rahul Chalamala , Alan Wu , Benjamin Spector , Aaryan Singhal , Krithik Ramesh , Christopher Ré

Recently, quantization has been widely used for the compression and acceleration of large language models (LLMs). Due to the outliers in LLMs, it is crucial to flatten weights and activations to minimize quantization error with equally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yuxuan Sun , Ruikang Liu , Haoli Bai , Han Bao , Kang Zhao , Yuening Li , Jiaxin Hu , Xianzhi Yu , Lu Hou , Chun Yuan , Xin Jiang , Wulong Liu , Jun Yao

Reducing the key-value (KV) cache burden in Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly accelerates inference. Dynamically selecting critical KV caches during decoding helps maintain performance. Existing methods use random linear hashing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Wenhao Li , Yuxin Zhang , Gen Luo , Haiyuan Wan , Ziyang Gong , Fei Chao , Rongrong Ji