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Echo-State Networks (ESNs) distil a key neurobiological insight: richly recurrent but fixed circuitry combined with adaptive linear read-outs can transform temporal streams with remarkable efficiency. Yet fundamental questions about…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Pradeep Singh , Lavanya Sankaranarayanan , Balasubramanian Raman

This article introduces a robust hybrid method for solving supervised learning tasks, which uses the Echo State Network (ESN) model and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. An ESN is a Recurrent Neural Network with the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-01-05 Sebastián Basterrech , Enrique Alba , Václav Snášel

We propose an approximation of Echo State Networks (ESN) that can be efficiently implemented on digital hardware based on the mathematics of hyperdimensional computing. The reservoir of the proposed integer Echo State Network (intESN) is a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Denis Kleyko , E. Paxon Frady , Mansour Kheffache , Evgeny Osipov

The unprecedented dissemination of edge devices is accompanied by a growing demand for neuromorphic chips that can process time-series data natively without cloud support. Echo state network (ESN) is a class of recurrent neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Abdullah M. Zyarah , Alaa M. Abdul-Hadi , Dhireesha Kudithipudi

The study of deep recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and, in particular, of deep Reservoir Computing (RC) is gaining an increasing research attention in the neural networks community. The recently introduced Deep Echo State Network (DeepESN)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

Continual Learning (CL) refers to a learning setup where data is non stationary and the model has to learn without forgetting existing knowledge. The study of CL for sequential patterns revolves around trained recurrent networks. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Andrea Cossu , Davide Bacciu , Antonio Carta , Claudio Gallicchio , Vincenzo Lomonaco

We propose an innovative design for an optical Echo State Network (ESN), an advanced type of reservoir computer known for its universal computational capabilities. Our design enables an optical implementation of arbitrary ESNs, featuring…

Optics · Physics 2025-11-17 Ishwar S Kaushik , Peter J Ehlers , Daniel Soh

Echo state networks (ESNs) are a class of recurrent neural networks in which only the readout layer is trainable, while the recurrent and input layers are fixed. This architectural constraint enables computationally efficient processing of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Taiki Yamada , Yuichi Katori , Kantaro Fujiwara

Echo State Networks (ESNs) are time-series processing models working under the Echo State Property (ESP) principle. The ESP is a notion of stability that imposes an asymptotic fading of the memory of the input. On the other hand, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Andrea Ceni , Claudio Gallicchio

In the last decade, a new computational paradigm was introduced in the field of Machine Learning, under the name of Reservoir Computing (RC). RC models are neural networks which a recurrent part (the reservoir) that does not participate in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-04-08 Sebastián Basterrech , Gerardo Rubino

At the heart of time-series forecasting (TSF) lies a fundamental challenge: how can models efficiently and effectively capture long-range temporal dependencies across ever-growing sequences? While deep learning has brought notable progress,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hongbo Liu , Jia Xu

Neuro-inspired recurrent neural network algorithms, such as echo state networks, are computationally lightweight and thereby map well onto untethered devices. The baseline echo state network algorithms are shown to be efficient in solving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Zachariah Carmichael , Humza Syed , Stuart Burtner , Dhireesha Kudithipudi

Echo state networks (ESNs) are a powerful form of reservoir computing that only require training of linear output weights whilst the internal reservoir is formed of fixed randomly connected neurons. With a correctly scaled connectivity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Luca Manneschi , Matthew O. A. Ellis , Guido Gigante , Andrew C. Lin , Paolo Del Giudice , Eleni Vasilaki

Among the various architectures of Recurrent Neural Networks, Echo State Networks (ESNs) emerged due to their simplified and inexpensive training procedure. These networks are known to be sensitive to the setting of hyper-parameters, which…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Pietro Verzelli , Cesare Alippi , Lorenzo Livi

Recurrent neural networks are a widely used class of neural architectures. They have, however, two shortcomings. First, it is difficult to understand what exactly they learn. Second, they tend to work poorly on sequences requiring long-term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-08 Cheng Wang , Mathias Niepert

Echo state networks are powerful recurrent neural networks. However, they are often unstable and shaky, making the process of finding an good ESN for a specific dataset quite hard. Obtaining a superb accuracy by using the Echo State Network…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-22 Qiuyi Wu , Ernest Fokoue , Dhireesha Kudithipudi

Reservoir Computing (RC) is a popular methodology for the efficient design of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). Recently, the advantages of the RC approach have been extended to the context of multi-layered RNNs, with the introduction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

In this paper, the echo state network (ESN) memory capacity, which represents the amount of input data an ESN can store, is analyzed for a new type of deep ESNs. In particular, two deep ESN architectures are studied. First, a parallel deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Xuanlin Liu , Mingzhe Chen , Changchuan Yin , Walid Saad

A reservoir computer is a special type of neural network, where most of the weights are randomly fixed and only a subset are trained. In this thesis we prove results about reservoir computers trained on deterministic dynamical systems, and…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-12-28 Allen G Hart

Echo State Networks (ESNs) are a special type of the temporally deep network model, the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), where the recurrent matrix is carefully designed and both the recurrent and input matrices are fixed. An ESN uses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-14 Hamid Palangi , Li Deng , Rabab K Ward