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With large language models (LLMs) now performing strongly across diverse tasks, there is growing demand for them to personalize outputs for individual users. Personalization is typically framed as an additional layer on top of a base NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Chenheng Zhang , Yijun Lu , Lizhe Fang , Chunyuan Zheng , Jiajun Chai , Xiaohan Wang , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

The meanings of words and phrases depend not only on where they are used (contexts) but also on who use them (writers). Pretrained language models (PLMs) are powerful tools for capturing context, but they are typically pretrained and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Daisuke Oba , Naoki Yoshinaga , Masashi Toyoda

Large Language Models (LLMs) have quickly become an invaluable assistant for a variety of tasks. However, their effectiveness is constrained by their ability to tailor responses to human preferences and behaviors via personalization. Prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Lucie Charlotte Magister , Katherine Metcalf , Yizhe Zhang , Maartje ter Hoeve

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a widely used strategy for efficient fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs), but its strictly linear structure fundamentally limits expressive capacity. The bilinear formulation of weight updates captures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Wenhao Zhang , Lin Mu , Li Ni , Peiquan Jin , Yiwen Zhang

Alignment algorithms are widely used to align large language models (LLMs) to human users based on preference annotations. Typically these (often divergent) preferences are aggregated over a diverse set of users, resulting in fine-tuned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Cristina Garbacea , Chenhao Tan

Iterative data generation and model re-training can effectively align large language models(LLMs) to human preferences. The process of data sampling is crucial, as it significantly influences the success of policy improvement. Repeated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Hai Ye , Hwee Tou Ng

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently reproduce the gender- and sexual-identity prejudices embedded in their training corpora, leading to outputs that marginalize LGBTQIA+ users. Hence, reducing such biases is of great importance. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Maluna Menke , Thilo Hagendorff

In sequential recommendation, models recommend items based on user's interaction history. To this end, current models usually incorporate information such as item descriptions and user intent or preferences. User preferences are usually not…

Alongside the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a notable increase in efforts to integrate LLM techniques in information retrieval (IR) and search engines (SE). Recently, an additional post-ranking stage is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yang Yan , Yihao Wang , Chi Zhang , Wenyuan Hou , Kang Pan , Xingkai Ren , Zelun Wu , Zhixin Zhai , Enyun Yu , Wenwu Ou , Yang Song

We propose a novel parameter-efficient training (PET) method for large language models that adapts models to downstream tasks by optimizing a small subset of the existing model parameters. Unlike prior methods, this subset is not fixed in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Felix Stahlberg , Jared Lichtarge , Shankar Kumar

Large language model (LLM) personalization aims to align model outputs with individuals' unique preferences and opinions. While recent efforts have implemented various personalization methods, a unified theoretical framework that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Nick Beauchamp , Lu Wang

Parameter efficient learning methods (PERMs) have recently gained significant attention as they provide an efficient way for pre-trained language models (PLMs) to adapt to a downstream task. However, these conclusions are mostly drawn from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Peng Xu , Mostofa Patwary , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Virginia Adams , Ryan J. Prenger , Wei Ping , Nayeon Lee , Mohammad Shoeybi , Bryan Catanzaro

To enhance the performance of large language models (LLM) on downstream tasks, one solution is to fine-tune certain LLM parameters and make it better align with the characteristics of the training dataset. This process is commonly known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Chao Gao , Sai Qian Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are typically aligned with population-level preferences, despite substantial variation across individual users. We introduce POPI, a user-level personalization framework that separates the problem into two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yizhuo Chen , Xin Liu , Ruijie Wang , Zheng Li , Pei Chen , Changlong Yu , Qingyu Yin , Priyanka Nigam , Meng Jiang , Bing Yin

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is essential for safe and useful LLMs. Previous works mainly adopt reinforcement learning (RLHF) and direct preference optimization (DPO) with human feedback for alignment.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Tianci Xue , Ziqi Wang , Heng Ji

Fine-tuning is often necessary to enhance the adaptability of Large Language Models (LLM) to downstream tasks. Nonetheless, the process of updating billions of parameters demands significant computational resources and training time, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Tongxu Luo , Jiahe Lei , Fangyu Lei , Weihao Liu , Shizhu He , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

In the advent of democratized usage of large language models (LLMs), there is a growing desire to systematize LLM prompt creation and selection processes beyond iterative trial-and-error. Prior works majorly focus on searching the space of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Michael Feffer , Ronald Xu , Yuekai Sun , Mikhail Yurochkin

Large language models (LLMs) can provide automated feedback in educational settings, but aligning an LLMs style with a specific instructors tone while maintaining diagnostic correctness remains challenging. We ask how can we update an LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ravi Ranjan , Utkarsh Grover , Xiaomin Lin , Agoritsa Polyzou

Instruction fine-tuning has conventionally been employed to adapt Large Language Models (LLMs) to a variety of tasks. Nonetheless, this technique often necessitates substantial computational resources, making it impractical for deployment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhenting Qi , Xiaoyu Tan , Shaojie Shi , Chao Qu , Yinghui Xu , Yuan Qi

Protein language models (PLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in learning relationships between protein sequences and functions. However, finetuning these large models requires substantial computational resources, often with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shuo Zhang , Jian K. Liu