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The network pricing problem (NPP) is a bilevel problem, where the leader optimizes its revenue by deciding on the prices of certain arcs in a graph, while expecting the followers (also known as the commodities) to choose a shortest path…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-31 Quang Minh Bui , Margarida Carvalho , José Neto

Bilevel optimization is a field of significant theoretical and practical interest, yet solving such optimization problems remains challenging. Evolutionary methods have been employed to address these problems in the black-box setting;…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Marc Ong , Youhei Akimoto

Bike sharing provides an environment-friendly way for traveling and is booming all over the world. Yet, due to the high similarity of user travel patterns, the bike imbalance problem constantly occurs, especially for dockless bike sharing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Ling Pan , Qingpeng Cai , Zhixuan Fang , Pingzhong Tang , Longbo Huang

We consider a dynamic system with multiple types of customers and servers. Each type of waiting customer or server joins a separate queue, forming a bipartite graph with customer-side queues and server-side queues. The platform can match…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-19 Zixian Yang , Lei Ying

We propose a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning framework for quadruped locomotion over challenging terrain. Our approach incorporates a two-layer hierarchy in which a high-level policy (HLP) selects optimal goals for a low-level…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Jeremiah Coholich , Muhammad Ali Murtaza , Seth Hutchinson , Zsolt Kira

Evolutionary multitasking (EMT) has emerged as a popular topic of evolutionary computation over the past decade. It aims to concurrently address multiple optimization tasks within limited computing resources, leveraging inter-task knowledge…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yanchi Li , Wenyin Gong , Tingyu Zhang , Fei Ming , Shuijia Li , Qiong Gu , Yew-Soon Ong

We introduce a causal aware foundation-model framework for real time optimal decision making in discrete choice environments. We propose a constrained triple-head price optimization (C3PO) network to solve a bilevel decision problem in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shivaram Subramanian , Zhengliang Xue , Markus Ettl , Yingdong Lu , Jayant Kalagnanam

Along with the development of manufacture and services, the problem of distribution network optimization has been growing in importance, thus receiving much attention from the research community. One of the most recently introduced network…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Huynh Thi Thanh Binh , Pham Dinh Thanh , Ta Bao Thang

Demand response (DR) leverages demand-side flexibility, offering a promising approach to enhance market conditions like mitigating wholesale price spikes. However, poorly chosen DR locations can inadvertently increase electricity prices.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-06 Yufan Zhang , Honglin Wen , Tao Feng , Yize Chen

Model-based evolutionary algorithms (EAs) adapt an underlying search model to features of the problem at hand, such as the linkage between problem variables. The performance of EAs often deteriorates as multiple modes in the fitness…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-17 S. C. Maree , T. Alderliesten , D. Thierens , P. A. N. Bosman

Automating the end-to-end scientific research process poses a fundamental challenge: it requires both evolving high-level plans that are novel and sound, and executing these plans correctly amidst dynamic and uncertain conditions. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Zhi Zhang , Yan Liu , Zhejing Hu , Gong Chen , Sheng-hua Zhong , Jiannong Cao

In bilevel optimization problems, a leader and a follower make their decisions in a hierarchy, and both decisions may influence each other. Usually one assumes that both players have full knowledge also of the other player's data. In a more…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-19 Dorothee Henke

The construction of machine learning models involves many bi-level multi-objective optimization problems (BL-MOPs), where upper level (UL) candidate solutions must be evaluated via training weights of a model in the lower level (LL). Due to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Chao Wang , Licheng Jiao , Jiaxuan Zhao , Lingling Li , Xu Liu , Fang Liu , Shuyuan Yang

In this paper, we develop a profit-sharing-based optimal routing mechanism to incentivize horizontal collaboration among urban goods distributors. This paper investigates a collaborative routing problem for urban logistics, in which the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-02 Fangting Zhou , Ala Arvidsson , Jiaming Wu , Balazs Kulcsar

Scheduling problems requires to explicitly account for control considerations in their optimisation. The literature proposes two traditional ways to solve this integrated problem: hierarchical and monolithic. The monolithic approach ignores…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-27 Roberto X. Jiménez J

A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-09 Ankur Sinha , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Pekka Malo

Bilevel optimization deals with nested problems in which a leader takes the first decision to minimize their objective function while accounting for a follower's best-response reaction. Constrained bilevel problems with integer variables…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-04 Justin Dumouchelle , Esther Julien , Jannis Kurtz , Elias B. Khalil

Bilevel programming can be used to formulate many problems in the field of power systems, such as strategic bidding. However, common reformulations of bilevel problems to mixed-integer linear programs make solving such problems hard, which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Eléa Prat , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

The optimal policy in various real-world strategic decision-making problems depends both on the environmental configuration and exogenous events. For these settings, we introduce Contextual Bilevel Reinforcement Learning (CB-RL), a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-10 Vinzenz Thoma , Barna Pasztor , Andreas Krause , Giorgia Ramponi , Yifan Hu

We introduce a strategic decision-making problem faced by logistics providers (LPs) seeking facility location decisions that lead to profitable operations. The profitability depends on the revenue generated through agreements with shippers,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-13 David Pinzon , Emma Frejinger , Bernard Gendron