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Reward modeling is essential for aligning large language models with human preferences through reinforcement learning. To provide accurate reward signals, a reward model (RM) should stimulate deep thinking and conduct interpretable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xiusi Chen , Gaotang Li , Ziqi Wang , Bowen Jin , Cheng Qian , Yu Wang , Hongru Wang , Yu Zhang , Denghui Zhang , Tong Zhang , Hanghang Tong , Heng Ji

When a teacher provides examples for a student to study, these examples must be informative, enabling a student to progress from their current state toward a target concept or skill. Good teachers must therefore simultaneously infer what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Alexis Ross , Jacob Andreas

Most students struggle when faced with complex and ill-structured tasks because the strategies taught in schools and universities simply require finding and applying the correct formulae or strategy to answer well-structured, algorithmic…

Physics Education · Physics 2008-09-08 C. A. Ogilvie

Emotional prompting - the use of specific emotional diction in prompt engineering - has shown increasing promise in improving large language model (LLM) performance, truthfulness, and responsibility. However these studies have been limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ameen Patel , Felix Lee , Kyle Liang , Joseph Thomas

The in-context learning capabilities of modern language models have motivated a deeper mathematical understanding of sequence models. A line of recent work has shown that linear attention models can emulate projected gradient descent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Xiangyu Chang , Yingcong Li , Muti Kara , Samet Oymak , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

Blended mathematical sensemaking in science (blended MSS) involves deep conceptual understanding of quantitative relationships describing phenomena in science and has been studies in various disciplines. However, no unified characterization…

Physics Education · Physics 2023-05-25 Leonora Kaldaras , Carl Wieman

Successful human-agent teaming relies on an agent being able to understand instructions given by a (human) principal. In many cases, an instruction may be incomplete or ambiguous. In such cases, the agent must infer the unspoken intentions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Fardin Saad , Pradeep K. Murukannaiah , Munindar P. Singh

Motivation is essential in the learning process of university students, and teachers should have a wide range of strategies to address this issue. The emergence of social technologies has had a considerable influence in e-learning systems,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Carlos Guerrero , Antoni Jaume-i-Capó

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a statistical method widely used in educational research to investigate relationships between variables. SEM models are typically constructed based on theoretical foundations and assessed through fit…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-05-31 Yangqiuting Li , Chandralekha Singh

Spatial reasoning is central to navigation and robotics, yet measuring model capabilities on these tasks remains difficult. Existing benchmarks evaluate models in a one-shot setting, requiring full solution generation in a single response,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Tianyu Yang , Niklas Bauer , Terry Ruas , Jan Philip Wahle , Bela Gipp

Mutual Information between agent Actions and environment States (MIAS) quantifies the influence of agent on its environment. Recently, it was found that the maximization of MIAS can be used as an intrinsic motivation for artificial agents.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Ruihan Zhao , Stas Tiomkin , Pieter Abbeel

Reward functions are central in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding agents towards optimal decision-making. The complexity of RL tasks requires meticulously designed reward functions that effectively drive learning while avoiding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Rati Devidze

The objective of our study is to ascertain the present learning behaviors, driving forces, and assessment techniques as perceived by first-year students, and to examine them through the lens of the most recent developments (pandemic, shift…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Manuela Andreea Petrescu , Tudor Dan Mihoc

Pre-college mathematics modeling instruction often frames mathematics as being separated from reasoning about the real world -- and commonly treats reasoning mathematically and reasoning about the real-world context as separate stages of a…

Physics Education · Physics 2023-08-04 Charlotte Zimmerman , Alexis Olsho , Michael Loverude , Suzanne White Brahmia

This work introduces a novel training paradigm that draws from affective neuroscience. Inspired by the interplay of emotions and cognition in the human brain and more specifically the SEEKING motivational state, we design a dual-model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Mehdi Acheli , Walid Gaaloul

We introduce the framework of performative reinforcement learning where the policy chosen by the learner affects the underlying reward and transition dynamics of the environment. Following the recent literature on performative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Debmalya Mandal , Stelios Triantafyllou , Goran Radanovic

One of the major difficulties in learning physics is for students to develop a conceptual understanding of the core concepts of physics. Many authors have argued that student conceptions of basic physical phenomena are rooted in basic…

Physics Education · Physics 2014-10-20 Jesper Bruun , Frederik V. Christiansen

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning and task planning capabilities but remain fundamentally limited in physical interaction modeling. Existing approaches integrate perception via Vision-Language Models (VLMs) or…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Wanjing Huang , Weixiang Yan , Zhen Zhang , Ambuj Singh

Designing effective task-level prompts is crucial for improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). While prior work on instruction induction demonstrates that LLMs can infer better instructions with limited examples, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Po-Chun Chen , Hen-Hsen Huang , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Humans naturally "program" a fellow collaborator to perform a task by demonstrating the task few times. It is intuitive, therefore, for a human to program a collaborative robot by demonstration and many paradigms use a single demonstration…