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Cybersecurity of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) is drawing significant concerns as data communication increasingly leverages wireless networks. A lot of data-driven methods were developed for detecting cyberattacks, but few are focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Dan Li , Paritosh Ramanan , Nagi Gebraeel , Kamran Paynabar

Consistency regularization on label predictions becomes a fundamental technique in semi-supervised learning, but it still requires a large number of training iterations for high performance. In this study, we analyze that the consistency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Doyup Lee , Sungwoong Kim , Ildoo Kim , Yeongjae Cheon , Minsu Cho , Wook-Shin Han

Recent progress in semi- and self-supervised learning has caused a rift in the long-held belief about the need for an enormous amount of labeled data for machine learning and the irrelevancy of unlabeled data. Although it has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Minwook Kim , Juseong Kim , Giltae Song

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) has achieved great success in overcoming the difficulties of labeling and making full use of unlabeled data. However, SSL has a limited assumption that the numbers of samples in different classes are balanced,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Minsung Hyun , Jisoo Jeong , Nojun Kwak

Modern electric power grid, known as the Smart Grid, has fast transformed the isolated and centrally controlled power system to a fast and massively connected cyber-physical system that benefits from the revolutions happening in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Haftu Tasew Reda , Adnan Anwar , Abdun Naser Mahmood , Zahir Tari

Semi-supervised learning leverages unlabeled data to enhance model performance, addressing the limitations of fully supervised approaches. Among its strategies, pseudo-supervision has proven highly effective, typically relying on one or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Negin Ghamsarian , Sahar Nasirihaghighi , Klaus Schoeffmann , Raphael Sznitman

The advancement of deep learning has greatly improved supervised image classification. However, labeling data is costly, prompting research into unsupervised learning methods such as contrastive learning. In real-world scenarios, fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Shogo Nakayama , Masahiro Okuda

In semi-supervised learning, the paradigm of self-training refers to the idea of learning from pseudo-labels suggested by the learner itself. Across various domains, corresponding methods have proven effective and achieve state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-12 Julian Lienen , Caglar Demir , Eyke Hüllermeier

Electric power grids are at risk of being compromised by high-impact cyber-security threats such as coordinated, timed attacks. Navigating this new threat landscape requires a deep understanding of the potential risks and complex attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Ömer Sen , Dennis van der Velde , Katharina A. Wehrmeister , Immanuel Hacker , Martin Henze , Michael Andres

Graph-structured datasets often suffer from class imbalance, which complicates node classification tasks. In this work, we address this issue by first providing an upper bound on population risk for imbalanced transductive node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Mohammad T. Teimuri , Zahra Dehghanian , Gholamali Aminian , Hamid R. Rabiee

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Avital Oliver , Augustus Odena , Colin Raffel , Ekin D. Cubuk , Ian J. Goodfellow

Pseudo-labeling is a commonly used paradigm in semi-supervised learning, yet its application to semi-supervised regression (SSR) remains relatively under-explored. Unlike classification, where pseudo-labels are discrete and confidence-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Xueqing Sun , Renzhen Wang , Quanziang Wang , Yichen Wu , Xixi Jia , Deyu Meng

Cyber intrusion attacks that compromise the users' critical and sensitive data are escalating in volume and intensity, especially with the growing connections between our daily life and the Internet. The large volume and high complexity of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Rahul Kale , Zhi Lu , Kar Wai Fok , Vrizlynn L. L. Thing

The distributed nature of smart grids, combined with sophisticated sensors, control algorithms, and data collection facilities at Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) centers, makes them vulnerable to strategically crafted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Suman Maiti , Soumyajit Dey

Smart grid's objective is to enable electricity and information to flow two-way while providing effective, robust, computerized, and decentralized energy delivery. This necessitates the use of state estimation-based techniques and real-time…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Mostafa Mohammadpourfard , Istemihan Genc , Subhash Lakshminarayana , Charalambos Konstantinou

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) can reduce the need for large labelled datasets by incorporating unlabelled data into the training. This is particularly interesting for semantic segmentation, where labelling data is very costly and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Sebastian Scherer , Robin Schön , Rainer Lienhart

Semi-supervised learning has been well developed to help reduce the cost of manual labelling by exploiting a large quantity of unlabelled data. Especially in the application of land cover classification, pixel-level manual labelling in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Wanli Ma , Oktay Karakus , Paul L. Rosin

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithm is a setup built upon a realistic assumption that access to a large amount of labeled data is tough. In this study, we present a generalized framework, named SCAR, standing for Selecting Clean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Dongyoon Yang , Kunwoong Kim , Yongdai Kim

This paper looks at semi-supervised learning (SSL) for image-based text recognition. One of the most popular SSL approaches is pseudo-labeling (PL). PL approaches assign labels to unlabeled data before re-training the model with a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Gaurav Patel , Jan Allebach , Qiang Qiu

Demand-Side Management (DSM) is a vital tool that can be used to ensure power system reliability and stability. In future smart grids, certain portions of a customers load usage could be under automatic control with a cyber-enabled DSM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-01 Kostas Hatalis , Parv Venkitasubramaniam , Shalinee Kishore