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In the realm of Large Language Model (LLM) functionalities, providing reliable information is paramount, yet reports suggest that LLM outputs lack consistency. This inconsistency, often at-tributed to randomness in token sampling,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yanggyu Lee , Jihie Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scholarly tasks like search and summarization, but their reliability remains uncertain. Current evaluation metrics for testing LLM reliability are primarily automated approaches that prioritize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Anna Martin-Boyle , William Humphreys , Martha Brown , Cara Leckey , Harmanpreet Kaur

Large language models (LLMs) produce outputs with varying levels of uncertainty, and, just as often, varying levels of correctness; making their practical reliability far from guaranteed. To quantify this uncertainty, we systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Christian Hobelsberger , Theresa Winner , Andreas Nawroth , Oliver Mitevski , Anna-Carolina Haensch

As large language models (LLMs) are applied to increasingly longer and more complex tasks, there is a growing need for realistic long-context benchmarks that require selective reading and integration of heterogeneous, multi-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Aadi Palnitkar , Mingyang Mao , Nicholas Waytowich , Vinicius G. Goecks , Xiaomin Lin

The rapid advancement of AI technologies and their accelerated adoption in software development necessitates a systematic evaluation of their environmental impact alongside functional correctness. While prior studies have examined…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mohammadjavad Mehditabar , Saurabhsingh Rajput , Antonio Mastropaolo , Tushar Sharma

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has shown remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks. However, a significant disparity exists between benchmark performances and real-world applications. We attribute this gap…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Junnan Liu , Hongwei Liu , Linchen Xiao , Ziyi Wang , Kuikun Liu , Songyang Gao , Wenwei Zhang , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Log analysis is crucial for ensuring the orderly and stable operation of information systems, particularly in the field of Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps). Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Tianyu Cui , Shiyu Ma , Ziang Chen , Tong Xiao , Shimin Tao , Yilun Liu , Shenglin Zhang , Duoming Lin , Changchang Liu , Yuzhe Cai , Weibin Meng , Yongqian Sun , Dan Pei

Just like the previous generation of task-tuned models, large language models (LLMs) that are adapted to tasks via prompt-based methods like in-context-learning (ICL) perform well in some setups but not in others. This lack of consistency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Lucas Weber , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes

Large language models (LLMs) have become capable mathematical problem-solvers, often producing correct proofs for challenging problems. However, correctness alone is not sufficient: mathematical proofs should also be clear, concise,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ivo Petrov , Jasper Dekoninck , Dimitar I. Dimitrov , Martin Vechev

Single-prompt accuracy is the dominant way to benchmark language models, but it can miss reliability failures that matter. We evaluate a 15-model open-weight corpus, with the main reliability analyses focused on 10 instruct models across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ranit Karmakar , Jayita Chatterjee

Large language models (LLMs) consistently achieve strong results on text-to-SQL benchmarks, but their robustness to schema variations remains poorly understood. Recent work suggests that the schema structure matters, but does not provide a…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Nitin Kanchinadam , Aditya Menachery , Amol Deshpande

Code generation models are widely used in software development, yet their sensitivity to prompt phrasing remains under-examined. Identical requirements expressed with different emotions or communication styles can yield divergent outputs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Wei Ma , Yixiao Yang , Jingquan Ge , Xiaofei Xie , Lingxiao Jiang

Recent advances in large audio language models (LALMs) have primarily been assessed using a multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) framework. However, subtle changes, such as shifting the order of choices, result in substantially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Fernando López , Santosh Kesiraju , Jordi Luque

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software engineering workflows, yet current benchmarks provide only coarse performance summaries that obscure the diverse capabilities and limitations of these models. This paper…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Felix Mächtle , Jan-Niclas Serr , Nils Loose , Thomas Eisenbarth

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable capabilities across diverse open-domain tasks, yet their application in specialized domains such as civil engineering remains largely unexplored. This paper starts bridging this gap by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiachen Liu , Ziheng Geng , Ran Cao , Lu Cheng , Paolo Bocchini , Minghui Cheng

Large language models for code (LLM4Code), which demonstrate strong performance (e.g., high accuracy) in processing source code, have significantly transformed software engineering. Many studies separately investigate the non-functional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Zhou Yang , Zhensu Sun , Terry Zhuo Yue , Premkumar Devanbu , David Lo

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on a number of natural language processing tasks, such as question answering and text summarization. However, their performance on sequence labeling tasks such as intent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yao Qiang , Subhrangshu Nandi , Ninareh Mehrabi , Greg Ver Steeg , Anoop Kumar , Anna Rumshisky , Aram Galstyan

Measuring innovation often relies on context-specific proxies and on expert evaluation. Hence, empirical innovation research is often limited to settings where such data is available. We investigate how large language models (LLMs) can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Robin Nowak , Patrick Figge , Carolin Haeussler

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant strides in code generation, achieving impressive capabilities in synthesizing code snippets from natural language instructions. However, a critical challenge remains in ensuring LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jian Yang , Wei Zhang , Yizhi Li , Shawn Guo , Haowen Wang , Aishan Liu , Ge Zhang , Zili Wang , Zhoujun Li , Xianglong Liu , Weifeng Lv

Progress in AI is often demonstrated by new models claiming improved performance on tasks measuring model capabilities. Evaluating language models can be particularly challenging, as choices of how a model is evaluated on a task can lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yuling Gu , Oyvind Tafjord , Bailey Kuehl , Dany Haddad , Jesse Dodge , Hannaneh Hajishirzi
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