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Large language models (LLMs) has been widely adopted as a scalable surrogate for human evaluation, yet such judges remain imperfect and susceptible to surface-level biases. One possible reason is that these judges lack sufficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Minzhu Tu , Shiyu Ni , Keping Bi

There have been numerous studies evaluating bias of LLMs towards political topics. However, how positions towards these topics in model outputs are highly sensitive to the prompt. What happens when the prompt itself is suggestive of certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Avneet Kaur

Large language models (LLMs) are excellent at maintaining high-level, convincing dialogue, but it remains unclear whether their persuasive success reflects genuine understanding of the discourse. We examine this question through informal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Adrian de Wynter , Tangming Yuan

What do word vector representations reveal about the emotions associated with words? In this study, we consider the task of estimating word-level emotion intensity scores for specific emotions, exploring unsupervised, supervised, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Shahab Raji , Gerard de Melo

Gaps arise between a language model's use of concepts and people's expectations. This gap is critical when LLMs generate text to help people communicate via Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) tools. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shadab Choudhury , Asha Kumar , Lara J. Martin

The most prominent tasks in emotion analysis are to assign emotions to texts and to understand how emotions manifest in language. An observation for NLP is that emotions can be communicated implicitly by referring to events, appealing to an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Enrica Troiano , Laura Oberländer , Roman Klinger

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread global adoption, showcasing advanced linguistic capabilities across multiple of languages. There is a growing interest in academia to use these models to simulate and study human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Shiran Dudy , Ibrahim Said Ahmad , Ryoko Kitajima , Agata Lapedriza

Metaphors are proven to have stronger emotional impact than literal expressions. Although this conclusion is shown to be promising in benefiting various NLP applications, the reasons behind this phenomenon are not well studied. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Yucheng Li , Frank Guerin , Chenghua Lin

Emotions play a critical role in our everyday lives by altering how we perceive, process and respond to our environment. Affective computing aims to instill in computers the ability to detect and act on the emotions of human actors. A core…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Connor T. Heaton , David M. Schwartz

The versatility of Large Language Models (LLMs) in natural language understanding has made them increasingly popular in mental health research. While many studies explore LLMs' capabilities in emotion recognition, a critical gap remains in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Bangzhao Shu , Isha Joshi , Melissa Karnaze , Anh C. Pham , Ishita Kakkar , Sindhu Kothe , Arpine Hovasapian , Mai ElSherief

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for persuasion, such as in political communication and marketing, where they affect how people think, choose, and act. Yet, empirical findings on the effectiveness of LLMs in persuasion…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Lukas Hölbling , Sebastian Maier , Stefan Feuerriegel

This article provides the first survey of computational models of emotion in reinforcement learning (RL) agents. The survey focuses on agent/robot emotions, and mostly ignores human user emotions. Emotions are recognized as functional in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-30 Thomas M. Moerland , Joost Broekens , Catholijn M. Jonker

When humans judge the affective content of texts, they also implicitly assess the correctness of such judgment, that is, their confidence. We hypothesize that people's (in)confidence that they performed well in an annotation task leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Enrica Troiano , Sebastian Padó , Roman Klinger

Humans are influenced by how information is presented, a phenomenon known as the framing effect. Prior work suggests that LLMs may also be susceptible to framing, but it has relied on synthetic data and did not compare to human behavior. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Gili Lior , Liron Nacchace , Gabriel Stanovsky

Both humans and large language models (LLMs) exhibit content effects: biases in which the plausibility of the semantic content of a reasoning problem influences judgments regarding its logical validity. While this phenomenon in humans is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Leonardo Bertolazzi , Sandro Pezzelle , Raffaella Bernardi

In assessing argument strength, the notions of what makes a good argument are manifold. With the broader trend towards treating subjectivity as an asset and not a problem in NLP, new dimensions of argument quality are studied. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Carlotta Quensel , Neele Falk , Gabriella Lapesa

Scarce longitudinal evidence examines LLMs' persuasiveness and humanness along time-evolving psychological frameworks. We introduce Talk2AI, a longitudinal framework quantifying psycho-social, reasoning and affective dimensions of LLMs'…

Large language models (LLMs) are known to produce varying responses depending on prompt phrasing, indicating that subtle guidance in phrasing can steer their answers. However, the impact of this framing bias on LLM-based evaluation, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Taegwan Kang , Minwoo Lee , Kyomin Jung

Human word associations are a well-known method of gaining insight into the internal mental lexicon, but the responses spontaneously offered by human participants to word cues are not always predictable as they may be influenced by personal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Špela Vintar , Jan Jona Javoršek

The term emotion analysis in text subsumes various natural language processing tasks which have in common the goal to enable computers to understand emotions. Most popular is emotion classification in which one or multiple emotions are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Roman Klinger