English
Related papers

Related papers: RuCCoD: Towards Automated ICD Coding in Russian

200 papers

Automatic medical coding has the potential to ease documentation and billing processes. For this task, transparency plays an important role for medical coders and regulatory bodies, which can be achieved using explainability methods.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Katharina Beckh , Elisa Studeny , Sujan Sai Gannamaneni , Dario Antweiler , Stefan Rüping

Computerised clinical coding approaches aim to automate the process of assigning a set of codes to medical records. While there is active research pushing the state of the art on clinical coding for hospitalized patients, the outpatient…

To address the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding task, where they often produce inaccurate and incomplete prediction results due to the high-dimensional and skewed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Rumeng Li , Xun Wang , Hong Yu

Clinical notes in healthcare facilities are tagged with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code; a list of classification codes for medical diagnoses and procedures. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler

Clinical interactions are initially recorded and documented in free text medical notes. ICD coding is the task of classifying and coding all diagnoses, symptoms and procedures associated with a patient's visit. The process is often manual…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Zachariah Zhang , Jingshu Liu , Narges Razavian

Mapping clinical documents to standardised clinical vocabularies is an important task, as it provides structured data for information retrieval and analysis, which is essential to clinical research, hospital administration and improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Warren Del-Pinto , Goran Nenadic

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a global medical classification system which provides unique codes for diagnoses and procedures appropriate to a patient's clinical record. However, manual coding by human coders is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Daeseong Kim , Haanju Yoo , Sewon Kim

This study aims to explore the implementation of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques to automate the coding of medical letters with visualised explainability and light-weighted local computer settings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Jamie Glen , Lifeng Han , Paul Rayson , Goran Nenadic

ICD coding is the process of mapping unstructured text from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to standardised codes defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. In order to promote trust and transparency, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Wuraola Oyewusi , Kai Kang , Goran Nenadic

Although the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been adopted worldwide, manually assigning ICD codes to clinical text is time-consuming, error-prone, and expensive, motivating the development of automated approaches. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Gonçalo Gomes , Isabel Coutinho , Bruno Martins

Medical coding is the task of assigning medical codes to clinical free-text documentation. Healthcare professionals manually assign such codes to track patient diagnoses and treatments. Automated medical coding can considerably alleviate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Joakim Edin , Alexander Junge , Jakob D. Havtorn , Lasse Borgholt , Maria Maistro , Tuukka Ruotsalo , Lars Maaløe

This paper aims to provide an approach for automatic coding of physician-patient communication transcripts to improve patient-centered communication (PCC). PCC is a central part of high-quality health care. To improve PCC, dialogues between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Gilchan Park , Julia Taylor Rayz , Cleveland G. Shields

The task of assigning diagnostic ICD codes to patient hospital admissions is typically performed by expert human coders. Efforts towards automated ICD coding are dominated by supervised deep learning models. However, difficulties in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Joseph S. Boyle , Antanas Kascenas , Pat Lok , Maria Liakata , Alison Q. O'Neil

Clinical notes are assigned ICD codes - sets of codes for diagnoses and procedures. In the recent years, predictive machine learning models have been built for automatic ICD coding. However, there is a lack of widely accepted benchmarks for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler , Shao-Syuan Huang , Jie-Jyun Liu , Chih-Jen Lin

Codification of free-text clinical narratives have long been recognised to be beneficial for secondary uses such as funding, insurance claim processing and research. The current scenario of assigning codes is a manual process which is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Rajvir Kaur , Jeewani Anupama Ginige , Oliver Obst

Medical coding translates free-text clinical documentation into standardized codes drawn from classification systems that contain tens of thousands of entries and are updated annually. It is central to billing, clinical research, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Joakim Edin , Andreas Motzfeldt , Simon Flachs , Lars Maaløe

Given the clinical notes written in electronic health records (EHRs), it is challenging to predict the diagnostic codes which is formulated as a multi-label classification task. The large set of labels, the hierarchical dependency, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Shang-Chi Tsai , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Electronic health records (EHR) contain large volumes of unstructured text, requiring the application of Information Extraction (IE) technologies to enable clinical analysis. We present the open-source Medical Concept Annotation Toolkit…

Automatic ICD coding from clinical text is a critical task in medical NLP but remains hindered by the extreme long-tail distribution of diagnostic codes. Thousands of rare and zero-shot ICD codes are severely underrepresented in datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Truong Vo , Weiyi Wu , Kaize Ding

Clinical coding maps clinical documentation to standardized medical codes, an essential yet time-consuming administrative task that could benefit from automation. Current models on ICD coding are typically optimized for codes from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jinghui Liu , Anthony Nguyen