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Multi-agent large language model (LLM) systems have shown strong potential in complex reasoning and collaborative decision-making tasks. However, most existing coordination schemes rely on static or full-context routing strategies, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Jun Liu , Zhenglun Kong , Changdi Yang , Fan Yang , Tianqi Li , Peiyan Dong , Joannah Nanjekye , Hao Tang , Geng Yuan , Wei Niu , Wenbin Zhang , Pu Zhao , Xue Lin , Dong Huang , Yanzhi Wang

The rapid growth of large language models (LLMs) with diverse capabilities, latency and computational costs presents a critical deployment challenge: selecting the most suitable model for each prompt to optimize the trade-off between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Shubham Agrawal , Prasang Gupta

Routing problems are common in mobile robotics, encompassing tasks such as inspection, surveillance, and coverage. Depending on the objective and constraints, these problems often reduce to variants of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zhehui Huang , Guangyao Shi , Gaurav S. Sukhatme

Many leading language models (LMs) use high-intensity computational resources both during training and execution. This poses the challenge of lowering resource costs for deployment and faster execution of decision-making tasks among others.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Zhixun Chen , Yali Du , David Mguni

LLM routing aims to select the most appropriate model for each query, balancing competing performance metrics such as accuracy and cost across a pool of language models. Prior approaches typically adopt a decoupled strategy, where the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Asterios Tsiourvas , Wei Sun , Georgia Perakis

Future wireless networks are expected to incorporate diverse services that often lack general mathematical models. To address such black-box network management tasks, the large language model (LLM) optimizer framework, which leverages…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Hoon Lee , Wentao Zhou , Merouane Debbah , Inkyu Lee

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit complementary strengths. Model routing harnesses these strengths by dynamically directing each query to the most suitable model, given a candidate model pool. However, routing performance relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Chenxu Wang , Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Linyao Chen , Jianhao Chen , Ping Jian , Peng Ye , Qiaosheng Zhang , Shuyue Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly expected to handle complex decision-making tasks, yet their ability to perform structured resource allocation remains underexplored. Evaluating their reasoning is also difficult due to data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Sankarshan Damle , Boi Faltings

Multi-turn dialogue is the predominant form of interaction with large language models (LLMs). While LLM routing is effective in single-turn settings, existing methods fail to maximize cumulative performance in multi-turn dialogue due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiarui Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Hang Zeng , Shaojie Tang , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

The rapid emergence of diverse large language models (LLMs) has spurred the development of LLM routers that assign user queries to the most suitable model. However, existing LLM routers typically perform a single-round, one-to-one mapping…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Haozhen Zhang , Tao Feng , Jiaxuan You

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly accessed as remotely hosted services by edge and enterprise clients that cannot run frontier models locally. Since models vary widely in capability and price, routing queries to models that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Baris Askin , Shivam Patel , Anupam Nayak , Andrea Vigano , Jiin Woo , Gauri Joshi , Carlee Joe-Wong

Routing large language models (LLMs) is a new paradigm that uses a router to recommend the best LLM from a pool of candidates for a given input. In this paper, our comprehensive analysis with more than 8,500 LLMs reveals a novel model-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zhongzhan Huang , Guoming Ling , Yupei Lin , Yandong Chen , Shanshan Zhong , Hefeng Wu , Liang Lin

The rapid progress in machine learning (ML) has brought forth many large language models (LLMs) that excel in various tasks and areas. These LLMs come with different abilities and costs in terms of computation or pricing. Since the demand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Quang H. Nguyen , Thinh Dao , Duy C. Hoang , Juliette Decugis , Saurav Manchanda , Nitesh V. Chawla , Khoa D. Doan

The availability of a wide range of large language models (LLMs) embedded in various agentic systems has significantly increased the potential of model selection strategies to improve the cost-performance tradeoff. Existing strategies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jasper Dekoninck , Maximilian Baader , Martin Vechev

Large Language Model (LLM) routing has demonstrated strong capability in balancing response quality with computational cost. As users exhibit diverse preferences, personalization has attracted increasing attention in LLM routing, since even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Encheng Xie , Yihang Sun , Tao Feng , Jiaxuan You

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive results but face challenges from increasing model sizes and computational costs. Structured pruning reduces model size and speeds up inference but often causes uneven degradation across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Hexuan Deng , Wenxiang Jiao , Xuebo Liu , Jing Li , Min Zhang , Zhaopeng Tu

LLMs with superior response quality--particularly larger or closed-source models--often come with higher inference costs, making their deployment inefficient and costly. Meanwhile, developing foundational LLMs from scratch is becoming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Alireza Mohammadshahi , Arshad Rafiq Shaikh , Majid Yazdani

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate substantial accuracy gains when augmented with reasoning modes such as chain-of-thought and inference-time scaling. However, reasoning also incurs significant costs in inference latency and token…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chen Wang , Xunzhuo Liu , Yuhan Liu , Yue Zhu , Xiangxi Mo , Junchen Jiang , Huamin Chen

In language tasks that require extensive human--model interaction, deploying a single "best" model for every query can be expensive. To reduce inference cost while preserving the quality of the responses, a large language model (LLM) router…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yichi Zhang , Fangzheng Xie , Shu Yang , Chong Wu

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in audio understanding and reasoning. However, their performance on fine grained auditory perception remains unreliable, and existing approaches largely rely on data…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Liyang Chen , Hongkai Chen , Yujun Cai , Sifan Li , Qingwen Ye , Yiwei Wang