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Malicious URL, a.k.a. malicious website, is a common and serious threat to cybersecurity. Malicious URLs host unsolicited content (spam, phishing, drive-by exploits, etc.) and lure unsuspecting users to become victims of scams (monetary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Doyen Sahoo , Chenghao Liu , Steven C. H. Hoi

Phishing attacks are an increasingly potent web-based threat, with nearly 1.5 million websites created on a monthly basis. In this work, we present the first study towards identifying such attacks through phishing reports shared by users on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Sayak Saha Roy , Unique Karanjit , Shirin Nilizadeh

Phishing is a critical cyber threat, exploiting deceptive tactics to compromise victims and cause significant financial losses. While reference-based phishing detectors (RBPDs) have achieved notable advancements in detection accuracy, their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Yuexin Li , Hiok Kuek Tan , Qiaoran Meng , Mei Lin Lock , Tri Cao , Shumin Deng , Nay Oo , Hoon Wei Lim , Bryan Hooi

With the booming popularity of smartphones, threats related to these devices are increasingly on the rise. Smishing, a combination of SMS (Short Message Service) and phishing has emerged as a treacherous cyber threat used by malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Daniel Timko , Daniel Hernandez Castillo , Muhammad Lutfor Rahman

Security exploits can include cyber threats such as computer programs that can disturb the normal behavior of computer systems (viruses), unsolicited e-mail (spam), malicious software (malware), monitoring software (spyware), attempting to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-26 Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Mumtaz Abdul Hameed

The threat of phishing attacks in financial systems is continuously growing. Therefore, protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access is paramount. This paper discusses the critical need for robust email phishing detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Novruz Amirov , Leminur Celik , Egemen Ali Caner , Emre Yurdakul , Fahri Anil Yerlikaya , Serif Bahtiyar

Phishing is the number one threat in the world of internet. Phishing attacks are from decades and with each passing year it is becoming a major problem for internet users as attackers are coming with unique and creative ideas to breach the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Ayesha Arshad , Attique Ur Rehman , Sabeen Javaid , Tahir Muhammad Ali , Javed Anjum Sheikh , Muhammad Azeem

Phishing is a well-known cybersecurity attack that has rapidly increased in recent years. It poses legitimate risks to businesses, government agencies, and all users due to sensitive data breaches, subsequent financial and productivity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-19 Sanchari Das , Andrew Kim , Zachary Tingle , Christena Nippert-Eng

Internet technology is so pervasive today, for example, from online social networking to online banking, it has made people's lives more comfortable. Due the growth of Internet technology, security threats to systems and networks are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-30 B. B. Gupta , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Konstantinos E. Psannis

Enterprise security is increasingly being threatened by social engineering attacks, such as phishing, which deceive employees into giving access to enterprise data. To protect both the users themselves and enterprise data, more and more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mithün Paul , Genevieve Bartlett , Jelena Mirkovic , Marjorie Freedman

Phishing remains a critical cybersecurity threat, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) capable of generating highly convincing malicious content. Unlike earlier phishing attempts which are identifiable by grammatical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Deeksha Hareesha Kulal , Chidozie Princewill Arannonu , Afsah Anwar , Nidhi Rastogi , Quamar Niyaz

Despite technical and non-technical countermeasures, humans continue to be tricked by phishing emails. How users make email response decisions is a missing piece in the puzzle to identifying why people still fall for phishing emails. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Asangi Jayatilaka , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Muhammad Ali Babar

While smishing (SMS Phishing) attacks have risen to become one of the most common types of social engineering attacks, there is a lack of relevant smishing datasets. One of the biggest challenges in the domain of smishing prevention is the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Daniel Timko , Muhammad Lutfor Rahman

Research shows that phishing emails often utilize persuasion techniques, such as social proof, liking, consistency, authority, scarcity, and reciprocity to gain trust to obtain sensitive information or maliciously infect devices. The link…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Kalam Khadka , Abu Barkat Ullah , Wanli Ma , Elisa Martinez Marroquin

Phishing is a major cyber threat to organizations that can cause financial and reputational damage, threatening their existence. The technical measures against phishing should be complemented by awareness training for employees. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Laura Gamisch , Daniela Pöhn

Phishing detection is a critical cybersecurity task that involves the identification and neutralization of fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information, thereby safeguarding individuals and organizations from data breaches and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Huilin Wang , Bryan Hooi

Phishing attacks, typically carried out by email, remain a significant cybersecurity threat with attackers creating legitimate-looking websites to deceive recipients into revealing sensitive information or executing harmful actions. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Wei Kang , Nan Wang , Jang Seung , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba

To combat phishing attacks -- aimed at luring web users to divulge their sensitive information -- various phishing detection approaches have been proposed. As attackers focus on devising new tactics to bypass existing detection solutions,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Aditya Kulkarni , Shahil Manishbhai Patel , Shivam Pradip Tirmare , Vivek Balachandran , Tamal Das

Phishing attacks are prevalent and humans are central to this online identity theft attack, which aims to steal victims' sensitive and personal information such as username, password, and online banking details. There are many anti-phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Gitanjali Baral , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Email phishing has become more prevalent and grows more sophisticated over time. To combat this rise, many machine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting phishing emails have been developed. However, due to the limited email data sets on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Mariya Shmalko , Alsharif Abuadbba , Raj Gaire , Tingmin Wu , Hye-Young Paik , Surya Nepal