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Processing long contexts is increasingly important for Large Language Models (LLMs) in tasks like multi-turn dialogues, code generation, and document summarization. This paper addresses the challenges of achieving high long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zihan Liao , Jun Wang , Hang Yu , Lingxiao Wei , Jianguo Li , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

Modern large language models (LLMs) that rely on attention mechanisms are typically trained with fixed context lengths which enforce upper limits on the length of input sequences that they can handle at evaluation time. To use these models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Arka Pal , Deep Karkhanis , Manley Roberts , Samuel Dooley , Arvind Sundararajan , Siddartha Naidu

We identify intrinsic limitations of Rotary Positional Embeddings (RoPE) in Transformer-based long-context language models. Our theoretical analysis abstracts away from the specific content of the context and depends only on its length. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yufeng Du , Phillip Harris , Minyang Tian , Eliu A Huerta , Srikanth Ronanki , Subendhu Rongali , Aram Galstyan , Hao Peng

Large language models (LLMs), despite their impressive performance in various language tasks, are typically limited to processing texts within context-window size. This limitation has spurred significant research efforts to enhance LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Jiaqi Li , Mengmeng Wang , Zilong Zheng , Muhan Zhang

To extend the context length of Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) and improve comprehension capabilities, we often face limitations due to computational resources and bounded memory storage capacity. This work introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Chensen Huang , Guibo Zhu , Xuepeng Wang , Yifei Luo , Guojing Ge , Haoran Chen , Dong Yi , Jinqiao Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in comprehending and analyzing lengthy sequential inputs, owing to their extensive context windows that allow processing millions of tokens in a single forward pass.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Peyman Hosseini , Ignacio Castro , Iacopo Ghinassi , Matthew Purver

Large language models (LLMs) are equipped with increasingly extended context windows recently, yet their long context understanding capabilities over long dependency tasks remain fundamentally limited and underexplored. This gap is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Ziyuan He , Yuxuan Wang , Jiaqi Li , Kexin Liang , Muhan Zhang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have made significant progress in multimodal tasks. However, their performance often deteriorates in long-context scenarios, particularly long videos. While Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) has been widely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Haoran Li , Yingjie Qin , Baoyuan Ou , Lai Xu , Ruiwen Xu

The Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is widely used in the attention heads of many large language models (LLM). It rotates dimensions in the query and the key vectors by different angles according to their positions in the input sequence.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ting-Rui Chiang , Dani Yogatama

The context window of large language models (LLMs) has been extended significantly in recent years. However, while the context length that the LLM can process has grown, the capability of the model to accurately reason over that context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Huayang Li , Pat Verga , Priyanka Sen , Bowen Yang , Vijay Viswanathan , Patrick Lewis , Taro Watanabe , Yixuan Su

We present LongQLoRA, an efficient and effective method to extend context length of large language models with less training resources. LongQLoRA combines the advantages of Position Interpolation, QLoRA and Shift Short Attention of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Jianxin Yang

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) face inherent limitations due to their pre-defined context lengths, which impede their capacity for multi-hop reasoning within extensive textual contexts. While existing techniques like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Weizhi Fei , Xueyan Niu , Guoqing Xie , Yanhua Zhang , Bo Bai , Lei Deng , Wei Han

We study reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning of large language model (LLM) agents for long-horizon multi-turn tool use, where context length quickly becomes a fundamental bottleneck. Existing RL pipelines can suffer from degraded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Miao Lu , Weiwei Sun , Weihua Du , Zhan Ling , Xuesong Yao , Kang Liu , Jiecao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exciting performance in listwise passage ranking. Due to the limited input length, existing methods often adopt the sliding window strategy. Such a strategy, though effective, is inefficient as it…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Wenhan Liu , Xinyu Ma , Yutao Zhu , Ziliang Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhicheng Dou

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a key driver for LLM reasoning. This capability is equally pivotal in long-context scenarios--such as long-dialogue understanding and structured data analysis, where the challenge extends beyond…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Bowen Ping , Zijun Chen , Yiyao Yu , Tingfeng Hui , Junchi Yan , Baobao Chang

As the context limits of Large Language Models (LLMs) increase, the range of possible applications and downstream functions broadens. In many real-world tasks, decisions depend on details scattered across collections of often disparate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jonathan Roberts , Kai Han , Samuel Albanie

Large language models (LLMs) call for extension of context to handle many critical applications. However, the existing approaches are prone to expensive costs and inferior quality of context extension. In this work, we proposeExtensible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Kun Luo , Zheng Liu , Shitao Xiao , Kang Liu

In the realm of large-scale language models, a significant challenge arises when extrapolating sequences beyond the maximum allowable length. This is because the model's position embedding mechanisms are limited to positions encountered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Yui Oka , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Kuniko Saito

Multiple recent studies have documented large language models' (LLMs) performance on calling external tools/functions. Others focused on LLMs' abilities to handle longer context lengths. At the intersection of these areas lies another…

In-context learning (ICL) is critical for large language models (LLMs), but its effectiveness is constrained by finite context windows, particularly in ultra-long contexts. To overcome this, we introduce InfiniteICL, a framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Bowen Cao , Deng Cai , Wai Lam