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Recent test-time adaptation methods heavily rely on nuanced adjustments of batch normalization (BN) parameters. However, one critical assumption often goes overlooked: that of independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) test batches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Devavrat Tomar , Guillaume Vray , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Behzad Bozorgtabar

Test-time training (TTT) adapts model parameters on unlabeled test instances during inference time, which continuously extends capabilities beyond the reach of offline training. Despite initial gains, existing TTT methods for LRMs plateau…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Qingyang Zhang , Xinke Kong , Haitao Wu , Qinghua Hu , Minghao Wu , Baosong Yang , Yu Cheng , Yun Luo , Ganqu Cui , Changqing Zhang

We study the problem of continual test-time adaption where the goal is to adapt a source pre-trained model to a sequence of unlabelled target domains at test time. Existing methods on test-time training suffer from several limitations: (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Kien X. Nguyen , Fengchun Qiao , Xi Peng

Test-time adaptation offers a promising avenue for improving reasoning performance in large language models without additional supervision, but existing approaches often apply a uniform optimization objective across all inputs, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Mohammad Mahdi Moradi , Sudhir Mudur

There is intense interest in investigating how inference time compute (ITC) (e.g. repeated sampling, refinements, etc) can improve large language model (LLM) capabilities. At the same time, recent breakthroughs in reasoning models, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Junlin Wang , Shang Zhu , Jon Saad-Falcon , Ben Athiwaratkun , Qingyang Wu , Jue Wang , Shuaiwen Leon Song , Ce Zhang , Bhuwan Dhingra , James Zou

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has shown promise in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by generating natural language (NL) rationales that lead to the final answer. However, it struggles with numerical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Cheryl Li , Tianyuan Xu , Yiwen Guo

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have created new opportunities to enhance performance on complex reasoning tasks by leveraging test-time computation. However, existing scaling methods have key limitations: parallel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Jiefeng Chen , Jie Ren , Xinyun Chen , Chengrun Yang , Ruoxi Sun , Jinsung Yoon , Sercan Ö Arık

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

Increasing test-time computation is a straightforward approach to enhancing the quality of responses in Large Language Models (LLMs). While Best-of-N sampling and Self-Consistency with majority voting are simple and effective, they require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Chengsong Huang , Langlin Huang , Jixuan Leng , Jiacheng Liu , Jiaxin Huang

Scaling the test-time compute of large language models has demonstrated impressive performance on reasoning benchmarks. However, existing evaluations of test-time scaling make the strong assumption that a reasoning system should always give…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 William Jurayj , Jeffrey Cheng , Benjamin Van Durme

As large language models are increasingly utilized in real-world applications, guarantees of task-specific metrics are essential for their reliable deployment. Previous studies have introduced various criteria of conformal uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Zhiyuan Wang , Qingni Wang , Yue Zhang , Tianlong Chen , Xiaofeng Zhu , Xiaoshuang Shi , Kaidi Xu

Software testing is still a manual process in many industries, despite the recent improvements in automated testing techniques. As a result, test cases are often specified in natural language by different employees and many redundant test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Markos Viggiato , Dale Paas , Chris Buzon , Cor-Paul Bezemer

Test-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computational resources during inference. However, this paradigm is inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Shengyin Sun , Yiming Li , Xing Li , Yingzhao Lian , Weizhe Lin , Hui-Ling Zhen , Zhiyuan Yang , Chen Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Mingxuan Yuan , Chen Ma

Test-time scaling has recently emerged as a promising approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models or vision-language models during inference. Although a variety of test-time scaling strategies have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Gyutaek Oh , Seoyeon Kim , Sangjoon Park , Byung-Hoon Kim

Neural scaling laws predict how language model performance improves with increased training inputs. While aggregate metrics like validation loss can follow smooth power-law curves, individual downstream tasks exhibit diverse scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Michael Y. Hu , Jane Pan , Ayush Rajesh Jhaveri , Nicholas Lourie , Kyunghyun Cho

Recent advancements in semi-supervised deep learning have introduced effective strategies for leveraging both labeled and unlabeled data to improve classification performance. This work proposes a semi-supervised framework that utilizes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Aydin Abedinia , Shima Tabakhi , Vahid Seydi

Due to the high costs associated with finetuning large language models, various recent works propose to adapt them to specific tasks without any parameter updates through in-context learning. Unfortunately, for in-context learning there is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Yanchen Liu , Timo Schick , Hinrich Schütze

Deep neural networks often degrade under distribution shifts. Although domain adaptation offers a solution, privacy constraints often prevent access to source data, making Test-Time Adaptation (TTA, which adapts using only unlabeled test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Linjing You , Jiabao Lu , Xiayuan Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly powering Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) systems, enabling non-expert users to query industrial databases using natural language. While test-time scaling strategies have shown promise in LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jiajing Guo , Kenil Patel , Jorge Piazentin Ono , Wenbin He , Liu Ren

Using more test-time computation during language model inference, such as generating more intermediate thoughts or sampling multiple candidate answers, has proven effective in significantly improving model performance. This paper takes an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xingwu Chen , Miao Lu , Beining Wu , Difan Zou