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We discuss a method to construct quantum codes correcting amplitude damping errors via code concatenation. The inner codes are chosen as asymmetric Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes. By concatenating with outer codes correcting symmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-31 Tyler Jackson , Markus Grassl , Bei Zeng

Bias-tailoring allows quantum error correction codes to exploit qubit noise asymmetry. Recently, it was shown that a modified form of the surface code, the XZZX code, exhibits considerably improved performance under biased noise. In this…

Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes are a versatile quantum error-correcting family built out of commuting $X$- and $Z$-type checks. We introduce CSS-like codes on $G$-valued qudits for any finite group $G$ that reduce to qubit CSS codes for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Ben T. McDonough , Jian-Hao Zhang , Victor V. Albert , Andrew Lucas

The possibility of using the two-fold topological degeneracy of spin-1/2 chiral spin liquid states on the torus to construct quantum error correcting codes is investigated. It is shown that codes constructed using these states on finite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 N. E. Bonesteel

Surface codes can protect quantum information stored in qubits from local errors as long as the per-operation error rate is below a certain threshold. Here we propose holonomic surface codes by harnessing the quantum holonomy of the system.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-07 Jiang Zhang , Simon J. Devitt , J. Q. You , Franco Nori

This is a comprehensive review on fault-tolerant topological quantum computation with the surface codes. The basic concepts and useful tools underlying fault-tolerant quantum computation, such as universal quantum computation, stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-08 Keisuke Fujii

Recently, quantum error-correcting codes were proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit flip and phase flip errors. An example for a channel which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-17 Pradeep Kiran Sarvepalli , Martin Roetteler , Andreas Klappenecker

Quantum error correction codes (QECCs) are critical for realizing reliable quantum computing by protecting fragile quantum states against noise and errors. However, limited research has analyzed the noise resilience of QECCs to help select…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Avimita Chatterjee , Subrata Das , Swaroop Ghosh

Biased-noise qubits, in which one type of error (e.g. $X$- and $Y$-type errors) is significantly suppressed relative to the other (e.g. $Z$-type errors), can significantly reduce the overhead of quantum error correction. Codes such as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Peter Shanahan , Diego Ruiz

The color code is remarkable for its ability to perform fault-tolerant logic gates. This motivates the design of practical decoders that minimise the resource cost of color-code quantum computation. Here we propose a decoder for the planar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-20 Kaavya Sahay , Benjamin J. Brown

We introduce a general framework for weak transversal gates -- probabilistic implementation of logical unitaries realized by local physical unitaries -- and propose a novel partially fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Nobuyuki Yoshioka , Alireza Seif , Andrew Cross , Ali Javadi-Abhari

Using the Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction, pure $q$-ary asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes attaining the quantum Singleton bound are constructed. Such codes are called pure CSS asymmetric quantum maximum distance separable…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-04-18 Martianus Frederic Ezerman , Somphong Jitman , Han Mao Kiah , San Ling

Homomorphic quantum error correction aims to protect quantum data against both unauthorized access and environmental noise during server-based processing. We investigate the algebraic compatibility between quantum homomorphic encryption and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Kornikar Sen , Miguel A. Martin-Delgado

A theory for constructing quantum error correcting codes from Toric surfaces by the Calderbank-Shor-Steane method is presented. In particular we study the method on toric Hirzebruch surfaces. The results are obtained by constructing a…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2013-03-11 Johan P. Hansen

The physical symmetries of a system play a central role in quantum error correction. In this work we encode a qubit in a collection of systems with angular-momentum symmetry (spins), extending the tools developed in Phys. Rev. Lett. 127,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-06 Sivaprasad Omanakuttan , Jonathan A. Gross

We present several results on quantum codes over general alphabets (that is, in which the fundamental units may have more than 2 states). In particular, we consider codes derived from finite symplectic geometry assumed to have additional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Eric M. Rains

Topological quantum error-correcting codes are a promising candidate for building fault-tolerant quantum computers. Decoding topological codes optimally, however, is known to be a computationally hard problem. Various decoders have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-01 Milap Sheth , Sara Zafar Jafarzadeh , Vlad Gheorghiu

Quantum computers hold the promise of solving computational problems which are intractable using conventional methods. For fault-tolerant operation quantum computers must correct errors occurring due to unavoidable decoherence and limited…

The integration of quantum error correction codes and homomorphic encryption schemes is essential for achieving fault-tolerant secure cloud quantum computing. However, owing to the significant overheads associated with these schemes, their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 IlKwon Sohn , Boseon Kim , Kwangil Bae , Wonhyuk Lee

Decoding algorithms are essential to fault-tolerant quantum-computing architectures. In this perspective we explore decoding algorithms for the surface code; a prototypical quantum low-density parity-check code that underlies many of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-29 Benjamin J. Brown