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EXplainable machine learning (XML) has recently emerged to address the mystery mechanisms of machine learning (ML) systems by interpreting their 'black box' results. Despite the development of various explanation methods, determining the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Bo Wang , Yiqiao Li , Jianlong Zhou , Fang Chen

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, the mainstream LLM platforms generate massive user-model interactions daily. In order to efficiently analyze the performance of models and diagnose failures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zishan Xu , Shuyi Xie , Qingsong Lv , Shupei Xiao , Linlin Song , Sui Wenjuan , Fan Lin

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing the field of education by enabling personalized learning experiences tailored to individual student needs. In this paper, we introduce a framework for Adaptive Learning Systems that leverages…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Yongjie Li , Ruilin Nong , Jianan Liu , Lucas Evans

Recent advancements in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have revolutionized natural language processing by integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) with external information retrieval, enabling accurate, up-to-date, and verifiable text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Aoran Gan , Hao Yu , Kai Zhang , Qi Liu , Wenyu Yan , Zhenya Huang , Shiwei Tong , Guoping Hu

Instruction tuning is a pivotal technique for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, safety constraints, and domain-specific requirements. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the full pipeline,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xudong Han , Junjie Yang , Tianyang Wang , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Junfeng Hao , Junhao Song

Code generation has attracted increasing attention with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). Many studies have developed powerful code LLMs by synthesizing code-related instruction data and applying supervised fine-tuning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Changzhi Zhou , Xinyu Zhang , Dandan Song , Xiancai Chen , Wanli Gu , Huipeng Ma , Yuhang Tian , Mengdi Zhang , Linmei Hu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support question answering and decision-making in high-stakes, domain-specific settings such as natural hazard response and infrastructure planning, where effective answers must convey…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Homaira Huda Shomee , Rochana Chaturvedi , Yangxinyu Xie , Tanwi Mallick

The LLMJudge challenge is organized as part of the LLM4Eval workshop at SIGIR 2024. Test collections are essential for evaluating information retrieval (IR) systems. The evaluation and tuning of a search system is largely based on relevance…

Evaluating agentic AI on open-ended professional tasks faces a fundamental dilemma between rigor and flexibility. Static rubrics provide rigorous, reproducible assessment but fail to accommodate diverse valid response strategies, while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Lanbo Lin , Jiayao Liu , Tianyuan Yang , Li Cai , Yuanwu Xu , Lei Wei , Sicong Xie , Guannan Zhang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have given rise to the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm, showcasing their potential to deliver human-like judgments. However, in the field of machine translation (MT) evaluation, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Zhaopeng Feng , Jiayuan Su , Jiamei Zheng , Jiahan Ren , Yan Zhang , Jian Wu , Hongwei Wang , Zuozhu Liu

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents transformative opportunities for education, generating numerous novel application scenarios. However, significant challenges remain: evaluation metrics vary substantially across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Shou'ang Wei , Xinyun Wang , Shuzhen Bi , Jian Chen , Ruijia Li , Bo Jiang , Xin Lin , Min Zhang , Yu Song , BingDong Li , Aimin Zhou , Hao Hao

LLM-based judges have emerged as a scalable alternative to human evaluation and are increasingly used to assess, compare, and improve models. However, the reliability of LLM-based judges themselves is rarely scrutinized. As LLMs become more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Sijun Tan , Siyuan Zhuang , Kyle Montgomery , William Y. Tang , Alejandro Cuadron , Chenguang Wang , Raluca Ada Popa , Ion Stoica

This paper presents a benchmark self-evolving framework to dynamically evaluate rapidly advancing Large Language Models (LLMs), aiming for a more accurate assessment of their capabilities and limitations. We utilize a multi-agent system to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Siyuan Wang , Zhuohan Long , Zhihao Fan , Zhongyu Wei , Xuanjing Huang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made reasoning a central benchmark for evaluating intelligence. While prior surveys focus on efficiency by examining how to shorten reasoning chains or reduce computation, this view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chao Wu , Baoheng Li , Mingchen Gao , Yu Tian , Zhenyi Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, yet their evaluation, particularly in languages beyond the top $20$, remains inadequate due to existing benchmarks and metrics limitations. Employing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Rishav Hada , Varun Gumma , Adrian de Wynter , Harshita Diddee , Mohamed Ahmed , Monojit Choudhury , Kalika Bali , Sunayana Sitaram

Evaluating progress in large language models (LLMs) is often constrained by the challenge of verifying responses, limiting assessments to tasks like mathematics, programming, and short-form question-answering. However, many real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhilin Wang , Jaehun Jung , Ximing Lu , Shizhe Diao , Ellie Evans , Jiaqi Zeng , Pavlo Molchanov , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz , Yi Dong

The increasing adoption of foundation models as agents across diverse domains necessitates a robust evaluation framework. Current methods, such as LLM-as-a-Judge, focus only on final outputs, overlooking the step-by-step reasoning that…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained prominence in the field of Legal Intelligence, offering potential applications in assisting legal professionals and laymen. However, the centralized training of these Legal LLMs raises data privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Linan Yue , Qi Liu , Yichao Du , Weibo Gao , Ye Liu , Fangzhou Yao

Large language models (LLMs) are predominantly used as evaluators for natural language generation (NLG) tasks, but their application to broader evaluation scenarios remains limited. In this work, we explore the potential of LLMs as general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jie Meng , Jin Mao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in student-facing educational tools, their potential to directly support educators through locally deployable and customizable solutions remains underexplored. Many existing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zarreen Reza , Alexander Mazur , Michael T. Dugdale , Robin Ray-Chaudhuri